Korean Comfort Women Essays -- History Korea Japan War Essays

cling to women, or ianfu as they are called in Korean, are females who were forced sex slaves for the Japanese Imperial Army (Chunghee). Some of the women were dragged off with physical force as their families wept, while another(prenominal)s were actually sold to the army by their destitute families (Watanabe). Still other were officially drafted by the Japanese Imperial Army and believed they would be factory workers or nurses (Hwang in Schellstede 4). Some Korean village leaders were ordered to channelise young women to calveicipate in important business for the Imperial Army (Watanabe). Many Japanese soldiers referred to comfort women as teishintai, which means volunteer army corps, so those women who notion they would be working in a factory would not understand what the army really intended to do with them (Kim in Schallstede 25). Jungshindae was the womens labor corps in which the women would work at a military factory and receive wages. Many women believed this was what they would be doing when they were recruited by the army (anonymous in Schellstede 103). The horrific practice of use comfort women for the army carried over from World War II to the Korean War. Many feel that the practice of comfort women lies in discrimination on the part of the Japanese in terms of gender, ethnicity, and race. Created through legalized prostitution based on patriarchy, colonialism, and imperialism, the system of comfort women clearly demonstrates that capitalism, sexism, and racism are linked and perpetuated both in the colonial and postcolonial eras (Watanabe). Estimates as to how many comfort women there were range anywhere from 80,000 to 200,000, and it is believed that approximately 80% of them were Korean. Others came from the Philippi... ...on and a decent apology. As for whether they will receive what they seek, that time and the Japanese government will tell. Works Cited Album Comfort Women History. 2003. Brown University Korean American Stu dents Association. 1 Dec. 2002. Horn, Dottie. Comfort Women. 1997. Endeavors. Jan. 1997. Schellstede, Sangmie Choi, ed. Comfort Women Speak affirmation of Sex Slaves of the Japanese Military. New York Holmes & Meier, 2000. Soh, Chunghee Sarah. The Comfort Women Project. 1997. San Francisco State University. 3 Mar. 2002. Watanabe, Kazuko. Militarism, Colonialism, and the Trafficking of Women Comfort Women Forced into Sexual Labor for Japanese Soldiers. 1994.Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. Oct. 1994. Kim, Huun Jin. Comfort Women. 2003. Voices.Hicks, George. The Comfort Women. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1994

Prison: Inside and Out Essay -- Criminal Justice

Freedom in any family is a condition that is directly correlated to the contour of societys rules, regulations, and laws. This right afforded to citizens under the constitution is surrendered by those who choose to disregard and trample on the set of standards and behavior needed for a society to maintain order and avoid anarchy. When loss of absolvedom is the tool used to punish this segment of society, prison houses become the instrumentality used to carry out the non-homogeneous freedom restrictions under the law for each individual. Citizens who find themselves incarcerated in prison will be exposed to an entirely different environment than those in free society. In addition, there is a psychological impact on those being reintroduced into society after having completed long-term sentences, an impact many believe change to the high recidivism rates in the United States. The criminal justice system with only of its connected inner workings may not address all of the concerns inside and out of our current prison system, but just as we have improved on our prisons from the past, we will continue to improve and implement spic-and-span techniques and design precise programs in our future prisons. The saying, crime does not pay, probably held more significance a century ago when the judicial system and prison officials focused on the idea that severe punishment was the best deterrent to crime. Punishment in prisons was more than just loss of freedom, it involved chain gangs, hard-labor, the hole, and early(a) inhumane treatment designed to ward off the would be criminals and beat the current criminals into submission. Today, Jeremy Benthams theory that punishment must outweigh the benefits of crime is communicate only through loss of freedoms. Prison... ...I Law Enforcement Bulletin http//www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/july-2010/cell-phones-as-prison-contrabandColey, R. J., & Barton, P. E. (2006). Lock Up and Locked O ut An Educational Perspective on the U.S. Prison Population. Princeton New Jersey insurance policy Evaluation and Research Center. Retrieved April 28, 2012, from http//www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PIC-LOCKEDUP.pdfHanson, D. J. (2010). Effectiveness of D.A.R.E. Retrieved from Alcohol Problems and Solutions http//www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/youthissues/1059145293.htmlMcDonnell, B.. (2011). Improving Public Safety through Prisoner Reentry Programs. Ripon Forum, 45(2), 6-7. Retrieved April 29, 2012, from ProQuest Social Science Journals. (Document ID 2387305821).Seiter, R. P. (2011). Corrections an Introduction. Upper rouse River, N.J. Pearson Education.

kung san :: essays papers

kung sanAmong the many an(prenominal) cultures in Africa, one of the most well known cultures would be the Kung San. The Kung San are a very ridiculous culture and are the most studied foraging society in the world. As with numerous other cultures around the world, the Kung San are faced with many problems. barely one problem the Kung San dont face is that of being a nonentity, partially because of the popularized view of the Kung San shown in the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy.The Kung San are a hunting and accumulation people living in southern Africa. Kung San are a varied people in terms of looks and language, and include people living Angola, Botswana, Zambia, and Namibia. The Kung San, like many human groups, have a rigid sexual division of labor, with women doing most of the gathering, food preparation and child care, and men doing hunting and some complementary gathering. on that point does exist a limited socioeconomic hierarchy by age, with adults controlling more resources and manufactured goods than children. The Kung San usually eat small meals during the day and eat a large supper with the whole family in the evening. Water is a limiting factor in the Kung San environment. The Kung San will disperse in the wet season, and aggregate in camps in the dry season around the few permanent water holes. A Kung San encampment consists of grass huts arranged roughly in a circle, constructed around an res publica of clearing in the center these huts are constructed quickly and rarely used for more than a few months at a time. The Kung San maintain a level of egalitarianism so that no one person is revered more than the next and so that no one thinks they are any better than the next. In the Kung San culture, many are married as young as eight years old in order to keep conflicts and extramarital relations vote out to a minimum. One of the Kung Sans favorite activities is to sit in the shade talking amongst themselves. They are afraid of ang ry words and violence so the occasional argufy is worked out before it becomes a major one. Since competition might bring dispute, they try to live as equals. The Kung San effectively employ talking and joking to

Essay example --

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome through Minority PopulationsPrevalence of this problem is to understand if there is a safe or acceptable level of intoxicant consumption for pregnant women and to understand the role of culture with these issues. Culture refers to a scheme of living in a concomitant environment that have evolved among a particular group of people and transmitted within and between generations. Darwin believes that environmental pollutants cause epigenetic changes natural filling or survival of the fittest to the genetics shaping clement pregnancy and the risks of babies developing diseases in the next generation. Ones we learn to see culture as dynamic instead than static we will understand the ecological context. Watson and Bandura hold similar philosophy, at best, conceptualized culture as a tool kit from which strategies for action drawn from detail purpose, poverty (Sigelman & Rider, 2013, 2009). There are several reasons for the uneasiness evoking cultural expla nations, first being, to those who construe culture as a distinctive product of a particular group of people, culture can be described and interpreted because such explanations cannot be considered objective. Second, conceptual, and methodological issues that confront scientists who are will to consider culture as an explanatory variable. It is difficult to define culture, conceptually and operationally, even when its different components. Disaggregated into it is various components. Even when precise definitions are possible, social variables operate in a extremely complex context, often interacting with a host of other influential variables such that it is difficult to isolate is effect. Finally, there are cultural sensitivities to consider. A search fo... ... alcohol dependence Obstetricians and gynecologic implications, 496. (2011). Reaffirmed 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http//www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Health_Car e_for_Underserved_Women/At-Risk_Drinking_and_Alcohol_Dependence_-_Obstetric_and_Gynecologic_ImplicationsHand, L. (2013). Fetal alcohol syndromePrevalence high in child care systems. Retrieved January 13, 2014, from http//www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810622May, P. A., & Gossage, J. P. (2001). Estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome A summary, 25, 3, 159-67. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from https//login.libproxy.edmc.edu/login?url=http/search.proquest.com.libproxy.edmc.edu/docview/222393485?accountid=34899Sigelman, C. K., & Rider, E. A. (2013, 2009). Life-span human development (7th ed.). Belmont, CA Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Jeremiah :: Religion, Bible

Jeremiah 311-6 is the announcement of proceeds, giving rest to Israel. Jeremiah 311, At that time, declares the LORD, I provide be the God of all the families of Israel, and they will be my people. (NIV). While the return from captivity is a good thing, it was a very difficult time, a time when the Jews, where threatened by those who occupied that refine during the captivity and later by the Greeks and Romans. This restoration includes al the clans of Israel. Historically the Northern kingdom ceased to exist nearly 200 years prior to prophecy. Jeremiahs colossal contribution to our understanding of messianic prophecy and how the New Testament relates to the Old Testament is that he explicitly describes a coming glorious new plight (Jer. 3131-34) that will replace the old one that Israel/Judah has shattered and annulled (Pg. 174). Chapters 30 and 31 contain no historical dates or ties to the reign of a king. This absence seizure of dates or specific historical ties gives these fi rst two chapters a certain timelessness. Also, in chapters 30-33 Jeremiah does not connect the future restoration to the dgetfall of Babylon. Instead, the restoration is tied theologically to the fulfillment of both the Abrahamic and the Davidic covenants-the new covenant and the associated blessings of restoration come as a fulfillment of those prior covenants (which are not broken) (Pg. 174). Exodus 65-8, Moreover, I have heard the groaning of the Israelites, whom the Egyptians are enslaving, and I have remembered my covenant.Therefore, say to the Israelites I am the LORD, and I will set out you out from under the duette of the Egyptians. I will free you from being slaves to them, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with mighty acts of judgment. I will take you as my own people, and I will be your God. Then you will know that I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. And I will bring you to the land I swore with uplifted ha nd to give to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob. I will give it to you as a possession. I am the LORD (NIV). How theme contributes to Jeremiahs message-wailing, weeping, rejoicing. In the Septuagint, Lamentations is associate with Jeremiah, who is identified as the author (Pg. 193). The poet of Lamentations will rise briefly above his agonized cry from the ashes to reaffirm the faithfulness of Yahweh and to pray for the restoration (Pg.

Jeremiah :: Religion, Bible

Jeremiah 311-6 is the announcement of restoration, giving rest to Israel. Jeremiah 311, At that quantify, declares the LORD, I allow be the God of all the families of Israel, and they leave behind be my people. (NIV). While the return from captivity is a good thing, it was a very difficult time, a time when the Jews, where threatened by those who occupied that land during the captivity and later by the Greeks and Romans. This restoration includes al the clans of Israel. Historically the Northern kingdom ceased to exist nearly two hundred years foregoing to prophecy. Jeremiahs great contribution to our beneathstanding of messianic prophecy and how the New Testament relates to the Old Testament is that he explicitly describes a coming glorious new covenant (Jer. 3131-34) that will replace the old one that Israel/Judah has shattered and annulled (Pg. 174). Chapters 30 and 31 contain no historical dates or ties to the reign of a king. This absence of dates or specific historical t ies gives these first two chapters a certain timelessness. Also, in chapters 30-33 Jeremiah does not connect the hereafter restoration to the downfall of Babylon. Instead, the restoration is tied theologically to the fulfillment of both the Abrahamic and the Davidic covenants-the new covenant and the associated blessings of restoration come as a fulfillment of those prior covenants (which are not broken) (Pg. 174). Exodus 65-8, Moreover, I have heard the groaning of the Israelites, whom the Egyptians are enslaving, and I have remembered my covenant.Therefore, say to the Israelites I am the LORD, and I will bring you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. I will free you from being slaves to them, and I will redeem you with an outstretched arm and with mighty acts of judgment. I will take you as my own people, and I will be your God. Then you will know that I am the LORD your God, who brought you out from under the yoke of the Egyptians. And I will bring you to the land I swore w ith uplifted hand to give to Abraham, to Isaac and to Jacob. I will give it to you as a possession. I am the LORD (NIV). How theme contributes to Jeremiahs message-wailing, weeping, rejoicing. In the Septuagint, Lamentations is associate with Jeremiah, who is identified as the author (Pg. 193). The poet of Lamentations will rise briefly above his agonized battle cry from the ashes to reaffirm the faithfulness of Yahweh and to pray for the restoration (Pg.

Jose Rizal’s Poem and Writings

Why did Rizal write the following poems and essays? * To the Philippine Youth. He wrote this to emphasize that the young person is the hope of our nation and that they should be educated to help in the progress of the country. He also included that Filipino should love their own mother tongue. * My introductory Inspiration. This was written by Rizal to teach us that our mother should be our first inspiration as our mother is the one who bear us and gives us the jump from the very beginning.Our mother is also our first teacher. * Love of Country. This was written by Rizal to remind us that we must love our own motherland and as Filipinos we should in some manner sacrifice ourselves for our country. * A Remembrance for My Town. This was written by Rizal for us Filipinos to be reminded that we should not forget our fatherland where we came from and the cultures we are used to and values we are taught of. * by dint of Education, Our Motherland Receives Life.Rizal wrote this to open our minds that as the Filipino acquires education, he can help the country in seeking freedom and improving the life of the Filipinos. * To the Flowers of Heidelberg. Rizal wrote this while he was in Heidelberg as they were having their tour, wherein the flowers blooming in Heidelberg reminds him of his garden in Calamba * My Retreat. This poem was written in account of Rizals mothers request to speed up his interest in writing poems.Here, he portrayed how serene his life was while he is in exile. Rizal clearly expressed his acceptance of his fate and that arbiter will overcome in the end. * A Letter to Young Women of Malolos. This famous essay was written to commend the young women of Malolos for their courage to establish a aim where they could learn Spanish despite the opposition of the parish priest Fr. Garcia.This essay also contains Rizals ultimate desire which is for the Filipino women to have the same opportunity enjoyed by men in terms of education since education will u nshackle the women. * My Last Farewell. This poem was written by Rizal showing his spirit of fairness and justice. This is his farewell to his natural land which he gladly offers his life. In this poem, it depicts that he faced his death calmly for he was aware that he is going to a place where there are no claves and God reigns supreme.

John Locke: the Revolution of Reason in the Age of Enlightenment Essay

For compositiony volume, particularly Americans, phrases like ina impositionnable amends, the pursuit of carriage and self-reliance, and concepts such as spectral tolerance, and judicial separation of Church and State, ar every last(predicate) too familiar. Many people are unaware, however, of the period, and the man, from which these ideas came. The inalienable rights and pursuit of bearing and libertywords straight out of the united States Declaration of Independencewere not written by Thomas Jefferson offshoot.In fact, those words, and the philosophy behind them, precede Thomas Jefferson by approximately one century years. The preceding century, and the source of the ideas that formed the basis of the American Revolution, is known as the develop of understanding. The duration of Enlightenment, or some successions known more simply as, the Enlightenment, follows several(prenominal) ages of mankind in which the entire world, chastely, socially, politically, and cul turally, revolved around the Church. The Enlightenment is the period in which Western Civilization broke away from this traditionThe intellectual and philosophic developments of that age (and their impact in moral, social, and political reform) aspired toward more freedom for common people, based on self-governance, natural rights, natural law, central emphasis on liberty, individualist rights, basis, and the principles of deism. These principles were a revolutionary departure from theocracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, and the divine right of kings. (Age of Enlightenment) Deism, as mentioned in the previous quote, is defined by Prof. Gerhard Rempel English deism exclamatory an im ain deity, natural pietism and the common piety of all human beings.Deism was a logical outgrowth of scientific inquiry, rational faith in humanity, and the study of comparative religion. All religions could be reduced to worshipping God and a common sense moral code. There was a universal natural relig ion (Rempel). In other words, deism is an extreme simplification of all religions according to the basic premise that every religion worships God, and serves as the pes of several schools of apparitional tolerance, which proved to be the foundations of liberal thought, the founder of which, was deception Locke Locke launched liberalism by tempering Hobbesian absolutism and clearly separating the realms of Church and State ( crapper Locke). As this passage demonstrates, the ideas of religious tolerance served as the foundation of separation of Church and State. Religious tolerance is one of many issues pursued and defended by one of the greatest philosophers and writers of the Age of Enlightenment keister Locke. The philosophies of jakes Locke owe their immortality largely to the Industrial Revolution.The Industrial Revolution incr tranquilityd access to breeding and lowered prices Increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the social Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journalsmedia of the transmission of ideas and attitudes (Age of Enlightenment). The Industrial Revolution stemmed out of the Age of Enlightenment, due to the overwhelming infatuation with reason that took hold during that particular time.It is due to the sudden ease of obtaining works of literature, (which previously were very expensive and belonged that to the wealthy upper classesthe only literate members of society), that contemporaneous readers still know the name stern Locke. John Locke was the primary voice of the Enlightenment, make up though he spent some of the most important years of his life and writing career in exile. opus his works influenced writers like Voltaire and Rousseau, his influence on the rest of the world extends even farther.The words in the American Declarati on of Independenceinalienable rights, the pursuit of life and libertyare the words of John Locke. John Locke altered the course of history through his influence during the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th century. His theories regarding the sense of self changed the collective individuality of the people during the Enlightenment, encouraging them to ask questions that, previously, had always been answered by the Church, and even more revolutionaryto seek out the answers to those questions themselves, with the use of reason.John Locke also held tremendous sway over the political world of the Enlightenment, which was fraught with civil war and unrest John Lockes writings on the procedure of the governance in the lives of the people played a tremendous part in the Glorious Revolution and the shift of indicator from the King to Parliament. Finally, John Locke also revolutionized the peoples perception of God, and advocated placefully for religious tolerance, proclaiming the ideas of deism, as mentioned before, which took hold and strongly influenced the principles of separation of Church and State.While Western Civilization still answered only to the King and the Church, John Locke was busily redefining the sense of self, which would be the foundation of all modern, independent thought. Independent thought was founded in Lockes love for reason Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He also postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa that isLocke maintained that people are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead unyielding only by experience derived by sense perception (John Locke) In other words, John Lockes love for reason is the primary way in which he argued that people can develop their own ideas, based on their own experiences, preferably than propaganda from religious or political officials, who would try to project what the people would think. John Locke describes th is in his work, the Conduct of Understanding this is that which seems to me the proper and only measure of distinctions and divisions which he that depart conduct his understanding right must not look for in the acuteness of invention, nor the authority of writers, but will find only in the comity of things themselves, whether he is led into it by his own meditations, or the breeding of books. (Locke 263) This passage from Lockes text describes the importance of the independence of the thinker from writing that would try to control thought.Locke makes a distinction between writers and the information of books. Writers, (that is, writers of propaganda), according to Locke, are the enemythe ones who attempt to push their ideas onto others, rather than presenting impartial information. The information of books is Lockes way of referring to the ideas and facts indoors books that the individual is responsible for learning by using his reason. The individual must be able to discern w hich information belongs to the facts, and which belongs to the impressions of the writer.The individual persons repartee to his experiences is also the foundation of his moral judgment. The decisions he will make in the future will be based on the experiences hes had end-to-end his life. One critic describes Lockes view of this concept Locke conceives of moral goodness as a conventional relation, then it stands to reason goodness and even moral goodness do not exist independently of what we believe about them and therefore cannot be the property of an action nor can they be thought to contain a nature that exists independently of our beliefs.(Zinaich 171) Essentially, Lockes concept of morality is that it is defined by the self. This is a tremendous revelation in an era that defined its morality based on what the Church claimed was moral or immoral. There are limits to this independence of morality, however, as a biographer of Locke describes The realm of nature is a state of liberty, but it is not a state of license, for even though people in it are not bound by the will of another, they are subject to the divinely ordained law of nature (Woolhouse 185).Essentially, while an individual is free to define his own morals under Lockes philosophy regarding the self, the limits lie in whether or not the morality crosses over into the rights of another person. In a state of nature, every man is free to create his own morals, but those morals cannot infringe on the rights of others. This is a rule that not only man must obey, but that, according to Locke, he must understanda principle, which he describes in his Second Treatise on Civil Government Is a man under the law of Nature?What made him free of that law? What gave him a free disposing of his property, according to his own will, within the compass of that law? I answer, and estate wherein he might be supposed capably to know that law, that so he might keep his actions within the bounds of it (Locke 102). A s this passage describes, in order for a man to step outside of the natural law, he must step into the overlapping laws of the men around him.This, in effect, is what leads to Lockes revolutionary principles of judicature. Prior to the Enlightenment, government belonged entirely to the King, based on the principles of divine right The Enlightenment encouraged people to participate in government and to rethink old ideas like feudalism and primogeniture (Dowling). John Locke played an extremely large office staff in this shift Locke became involved in politics when Shaftesbury became Lord Chancellor in 1672 (John Locke).Lockes friend Shaftesbury was the primary reason that Locke became involved in politics and began writing about government, but when Shaftesbury fell away from generality, Locke soon found himself in exile. Locke wrote even more voraciously about government during his time in exile, however, establishing the principles of self-governance that would so tremendously a lter the ideas of government current at that time. In his Second Treatise on Civil Government, he defines society and the beginning of government that which begins and actually constitutes any political society is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capably of majority, to unite and incorporate into such a society. And this is that, and that only, which did or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world (Locke 125). As Locke describes, the foundation of a government begins with free men in the state of nature who come together and can agree, in majority, on which morals they are to follow.Also, Locke maintained that the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance. He further maintained that all human beings, in their natural state, were equal and free to pursue life, health, liberty, and possessions and that these were inalienable rights (Landry), and, Locke defended the proposition that government rests on popular consent and rebellion is permissible when government subverts the ends (the protection of life, liberty, and property) for which it is established (Landry).In other words, because government is based on the agreement and majority of people approaching togetherthe self-governance of the people is the foundation of the governmentthe government has a responsibility to protect the rights of its people. These revolutionary ideas not only altered the ideas that were circulating amongst the people during the Age of Enlightenment, but also directly altered the course of history.As Lockes biographer states the support which the Treatises gave to Williams actions against James is exhibited in what reads as a commentary on the events of the revolution itself Jamess leaving the country, the request to William to take over the administration, the eventual offer of the tail end, and the transformation of the Convention into a Parliament (Woolhouse 276).Because William of Orange and his wife Mary wer e supporters of Parliament, and through their support of Parliament, supporters of self-governance by the people, the Treatises by John Locke were tremendously influential in the support that both preceded and followed William and Marys ascension to the throne of England the Glorious Revolution of 1688 marks the point at which the balance of power in the English government passed from the King to the Parliament. Locke returned to England in 1688 on board the kingly yacht, accompanying Princess Mary on her voyage to join her husband (Uzgalis).Because of the tremendous support that came with Lockes Treatises and the rule of William and Mary, John Locke was finally able to return house to England from exile. The independence of thought that led to the new perception of self, which subsequently led to new ideas about the kind of relationship that the government should have with its people, also had a tremendous effect on the ideas governing perception of religion. In addition to poli tical strife, there was a great deal of religious tension in England, particularly between various Protestant sects.During the Enlightenment, however, the principles of reason, established by John Locke, began to become the foundation of religious tolerance The Enlightenment is held to be the source of minute ideas, such as the centrality of freedom, democracy, and reason as primary values of society. This view argues that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism, the scientific method, religious tolerance, and the organization of states into self-governing republics through democratic means.(Age of Enlightenment) This religious tolerance, and the encouragement of independent reason, however, lessened the power that the Church had over the people It was the Enlightenment that dislodged the ecclesiastical establishment from central control of cultural and intellectual life (Rempel). Simply put, the infatuation with reason t hat took hold of the people during the Enlightenment took power away from the Church and put it into the hands of thinkers like John Locke, who encouraged independent thought.As mentioned before, John Locke was an avid supporter of intellectual independence. John Locke had an order of business for his principles of reasonto liberate the people around him from oppression of the intellectual and spiritual kind as puff up Much of Lockes work is characterized by immunity to authoritarianism. This opposition is both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church (Uzgalis).As Uzgalis states, John Locke was determined to release the people from the authoritative grasp of the Church, which controlled much of their thinking, and answered all of their questions with answers that would add to their power. One of the primary issues regarding the Churchs control over the people, however, lay in the issues that divided the different denomin ations of Christianity that populated England at the time. Each sect was fighting with the other, claiming that their faith was the true paththe ONLY path. John Locke had an argument to this theory, which he draw in breaker point in his work, the Reasonability of Christianity if all sinners shall be condemned, but such as have gracious allowance made them and so are justify by God, for believing Jesus to be the Messiah, and so taking him for their King whom they are resolved to obey, to the utmost of their power, What shall become of all mankind, who lived before Our Saviors time who never heard of his name, and consequently could not believe in him? To this the answer is so obvious and natural, that one would wonder how any reasonable man should think it worth the urging.No body was, or can be, required to believe what was never proposed to him to believe. (Locke 52) Locke simply states that those people who did not know of Jesus, because they lived before his time, cannot be he ld accountable or punished for not believing in him because, to them, he did not yet exist. This was a revolutionary idea because nearly every Christian during Lockes time believed that a soul could not reach heaven unless the person belonging to that soul fully believed that Jesus was the Messiah, or savior.Locke takes this tolerance of pre-Christians, however, and extends it even to those in his contemporary society, and argues for tolerance not only of who people worship, but of how they worship as well To be worshipped in spirit and in truth, with application of mind and sincerity of heart, was what God henceforth only required. Magnificent temples, and confinement to certain places, were now no longer necessary for his worship, which by a pure heart might be performed any where (Locke 68).In other words, Locke argues that worshipping God is a far more personal endeavor, rather than one that is meant to be accomplished in a specific time and place, with a specific group of peopl e. So long as the worshipper is steady in his faith, and uses his faith to support his reason, then he becomes a reasonable Christian, which is the highest aim. The Age of Enlightenment opened the door for countless opportunities in even every aspect of cursory life in Western Civilization.Its devotion to reason and to the human minds power of deductive reasoning spawned hundreds of advancements in technology, including a more modern printing press, which increased literacy rates, due to the accessibility of reading material, and allowed ideas to circulate and spread farther than anyone had imagined. The sudden urbanization, due to the fledgling Industrial Revolution, also brought people closer together and ideas from all over the world began coming together and mixing, until they themselves became new ideas, and expanded.Every change during the Age of Enlightenmentthe new sense of individual identity that the people suddenly gained, the new principles of government, and what the relationship of the government to the people should be like, the release of power from the King and the Church to the peopleall of these ideas, which would become the foundation of the American Revolution, were founded on the single principle of devotion to individuals power to reason.The leader of this liberation and revolution of the mind, as described in detail above, was John Locke. John Lockes ideas impressed the leaders of England so much, that at a very early age, he became swept into the world of politics, and almost all-night began to change the way people thought.Even when his powerful friends fell out of favor, and Locke was forced into exile, he only grew more influential, and his ideas of mans power of deductive reasoning and consciousness as the defining attribute of the thing called self, the principles of self-governance of the people, which led to the Glorious Revolution and the placement of William and Mary on the throne of England, and the shift of power from the King to Parliament, and finally, the importance of religious tolerance, based on reason, are the prime examples of John Lockes tremendous influence on the Age of Enlightenment.John Lockes convictions led to some of the most sweeping changes in the collective mind of humanity, and led to the independence of the United States. All of these changes, however, belong to a tiny picayune word called reason, which can only be found in the individual. Essentially, John Lockes commitment to reason, was really a commitment to the selfand look at what such commitment wrought from the Age of Enlightenment Annotated Bibliography About the John Locke Foundation. John Locke Foundation. 2009. 29 Apr. 2009 .This website presents the effects that the philophies and works of John Locke are having on contemporary society. Age of Englightenment. Wikipedia. 29 Apr. 2009. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website offers a generalized overview of the Age of Enlightenment, of which Locke is considered one of the great est contributors. While Wikipedia is not considered an infallible source, the information contained therein is consistent with the information in other sources. Brians, Paul. The Enlightenment. Washington State University. 18 May 2000. 29 Apr. 2009. This website provides a very concise overview of the Enlightenment period, for the sake of perspective. Dowling, Mike. The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment. 1 May 2002. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website offers a very concise overview of the Age of Enlightenment, as well as the effects that it had in all European countries. John Locke. Wikipedia. 29 Apr. 2009. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website was utilize for a generalized overview of the life and works of John Locke, to give a sense of perspective.While Wikipedia is not a guaranteed source, the information contained on this website is consistent with the information from other more reliable sources. John Locke (1632-1704). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website p rovides a very generalized overview of John Lockes life and philosphies, as well as his works. Landry, Peter. John Locke The Philosopher of Freedom. Biographies. 2006. 29 Apr. 2009 . This websiteprovides an extremely concise and brief description of Lockes life, philosophies and works. Locke, John. Conduct of the Understanding. The Works of John Locke. Vol. 3. London Scientia Verlag Aalen, 1963. 203-289. This work of John Lockes details the ways in which a man is expected, in the authors mind, to pursue knowledge and understanding with integrity. Locke, John. The Reasonableness of Christianity. Ed. I. T. Ramsey. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press, 1958. In this work, John Locke argues for Christianity and the belief in God, who gave man reason. Locke, John.The Second Treatise on Civil Government. On Politics and Education. Ed. Walter J. Black. Roslyn, NY Walter J. Black, Inc. , 1947. 71-202. This work by John Locke describes the authors views on how government should function i n society. Locke Time Line. John Locke (1632-1704). Oregon State University. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website provided a concise timeline of John Lockes life and the emergence of his works to be compared against the era in which he was living. Rempel, Gerhard, PhD. The Age of Enlightenment. Lectures. WNEC. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website offers a detailed description of the Age of Enlightenment, organized in a fashion consistent with a class lecture, so it is very easy to understand. Uzgalis, William. John Locke. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 29 Apr. 2009 . This website was used to provide a somewhat detailed overview of John Lockes life and works. Its reliability is guaranteed by the Metaphysics Research Lab of Stanford University.Woolhouse, Roger. Locke, A Biography. New York Cambridge University Press, 2007. This is a comprehensive biography of John Locke, giving greater understanding of Lockes personal life and its effects on the more public spheres in which he existed. Zinaich, Samuel, Jr. John Lockes Moral Revolution. Boulder, CO University Press of America, Inc. , 2006. This book argues that John Lockes philosophies move from laws of nature to moral relativism. While this is a work of literary criticism, it still offers valid and unbiased points about the works of John Locke.

An Introduction to Qualitative Analysis Essay

ProcedurePart I Qualitative Analysis of Group 2 ElementsMix 0.02M K2CrO4 with for each one Mg(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, Sr(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2 together. Secondly, mix 0.1M (NH4)2C2O4 preferably of 0.02M K2CrO4 together with the same reactants used before. Thirdly, mix 0.1M Na2SO4 with those reactants. Then, mix 0.1M NaOH with the same reactants used before again. Some precipitates should forms ,record the observations in Table 1. At last, come upon those ii unknown solution.Part II- Qualitative Analysis of Selected Anions number one mix 1M HNO3 with each Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaCl and NaI together. Repeat these steps by placing 0.1M Ba(NO3)2 instead of 1M HNO3. Then mix 1M HNO3 for the reactants that make precipitates. Repeat the first step by placing 0.1M AgNO3 instead of 1M HNO3. Then add 6M NH3 to those mixtures that contains precipitates in, and 1M HNO3 the mixtures contains precipitates . Using these observation, identify an unknown union. Recording any the observations in Table 2.3. in troduce the identity of your unknown (along with its sample number). Give the reasoning you used to arrive at this conclusion.The Unknown Z should be SO42- because it has a same property as SO42- does. When SO42- is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt for the unknown anion, when it is added to Ba(No3)2, and AgNo3, it forms a ppt as well. When HNO3 is added to BaSO4, the ppt disappeared for the unknown anion, when HNO3 is added to unknown, the ppt disappeared too, therefore we canconclude that the unknown is SO42-.Follow-Up Questions1. Devise a sequence of reactions to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates) to identify an unknown containing deuce or more cations of Group 2 elements.The Group 2 elements are Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba. To identify an unknown containing two or more cations of Group 2 elements, first add CrO4 into the solution. Then we could identify them with their colour. contiguous we add C2O4, if the ppt is formed,then we kn ow Ca2+ is involved in the solution. Next we add OH into the solution, if a ppt formed, that means Mg2+ is involved in the solution.2.Devise a sequence of reaction to follow (using filtering or centrifuging where necessary to remove precipitates)to identify an unknown consisting of two or more of two or more of the anions testifyed in Part 2.The anions are CO32-,SO42-,Cl-,I-.To identify an unknown consisting of two or more anions in Part 2.First add HNO3 into solution. Then we could identify them with the observations. Then we add Ba(NO3)2,if ppt formed, then we know that CO32-is involved in the solution. Next we add HNO3 into the solution, if ppt formed, that means SO42- is involved I the solution.3. Why are the reagents used to test for cations usually bag metal salts or ammonium salts rather than salts of an otherwise(prenominal) metals?The reagents used to test for cations usually alkali metal salt or ammonium salts rather than salts of other metals because the alkali metal i s soluble with most anions. It wont form a ppt with other anions. These reagents will prevent any side reaction from occurring in the solution.4. Why are the reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of thecation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation?The reagents used to test for anions usually a nitrate of the cation that is reacting rather than other salts of that cation because the nitrate is soluble with almost every cation.5.For fast and accurate identification of substances, study research or testing laboratories now use very sophisticated (and expensive )equipment. Find out the name of one of the instruments now used for analysis, and concisely describe its method of operation.Use glass pane. When we do the lab, we make a table on the theme, then put the glass pane on the paper sheet. After that, we only drop one or two drops of each chemical. On the glass pane. Its easier to observe the color of ppt because the glass is transparent and its also a economic way.ConclusionIn this lab, we carry out precipitation test of four cations and four anions, and use the observations to identify two unknowns. First we mix Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ with K2CrO4, and observed that Sr2+ and Ba2+ forms a ppt. Then when we mix (NH4)2C2O4 instead of K2CrO4, we observed that all of the cations forms a ppt except for Mg2+. Next, we did the same thing by using Na2SO4 and NaOH instead of (NH4)2C2O4 . Lastly, we examined unknown B and found that it has the same chemical properties with Ca2+. So we conclude that the unknown substance should be Ca2+. In part II, we mix CO32-, SO42-, Cl-, and I- with HNO3 to each of the test tube and notice no ppt formed.Secondly, we mix Ba(NO3)2 instead of HNO3 with the anions, and we observed that CO32- and SO42- forms a ppt. Then we add HNO3 to the ones that formed ppt, and the ppt disappeared. Next, we mix AgNO3 instead of Ba(NO3)2 with the anions, and observed ppt formed with all of the anions except for SO42-. Afte r that, we added HNO3 and NH3 separately to the anions and we observed no change in SO42-, but the precipitates that formed in CO32-, Cl-, and I- disappeared. And there is a ppt formed when NH3 is added to SO42-, and the other ones precipitates turns to a lighter ppt. Byusing these observations, we found out the unknown ion contains the same chemical properties as SO42-.And if two ions are soluble to each other, there will be no ppt formed. If two ions are not soluble to each other, there will be a ppt formed.

Earth Science Essay

Stars are one of the celestial bodies found in the solar system. Such celestial object produces heat, light, and different forms of radiations such as x-rays and ultraviolet rays caused by its cosmic energy engines. All stars are made up of gas, plasma, and matters comprised of subatomic particles that are extremely heated. From the landed estate, it may appear that stars are closemouthed because of their radiance shining over. However, stars are very far away that most of the scientists have to develop methods in order to calculate their hold.Two of the most famous methods are the parallax proficiency and the use of Cepheid variable (National Geographic, 2008). The parallax technique is used in order to identify the distance of the stars that are closest to the earth. Due to the revolution of the earth to the sun, the stars that are near to the earth shifts position against the stars that are in farther positions. These changes in the position of the nearby stars are known as th e parallax shift. The parallax method functions by observing the distance of the shifting process and determining the earths orbit diameter.From there, astronomers are able to determine the parallax angle of the stars distance. The important principle behind the method is that the smaller the parallax shift, the farther away the star is from the earth (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000, n. p. ). Such method is only applicable for stars that are inside the range of few hundred light years from earth. Thus, when stars exceed the given range, the parallax shift could be too small to be government noted through this technique (Windows to the Universe Team, 2000).For the countless distant stars that are in the range beyond 100 light years and are in clusters found in a different galaxy, the measurement is identified through the stars property known as Cepheid variable. Stars that have this property undergo a fixed daily round where they get brighter and dimmer. This property is commo n among stars that are in old age (Berger, 2002, n. p. ). Because of their abundance in space, astronomers measure their distance by determining the number of roulette wheel when stars are bright (Berger, 2002).There are many ways to measure the distance of the stars. It may be obtained from the stars spectral properties, temperature, brightness, and luminosity. Because of the major efforts in improving the measurements of the distances of the stars, conglomerate ways are also formulated in order to determine the cosmic distance of other celestial bodies present in the sky. References Berger, W. H. (2002). Measuring distance to the stars. In Intro to Astronomy Discussion of the Field of Astronomy, University of California, San Diego.Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http//earthguide. ucsd. edu/virtualmuseum/ita/06_3. shtml. National Geographic. (2008). Stars. Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http//science. nationalgeographic. com/science/space/universe/stars-article. html Windows to the Universe Team. (2000, September). How do astronomers measure the distance to stars? Is it accurate? University Corporation For Atmospheric Research. Retrieved September 17, 2008 from http//www. windows. ucar. edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist. html.

Islamic Philosophy Essay

* Ibn Sina Philosophy is the exercise of intellect, enabling man to know Being as it is in itself. It is incumbent upon man to do this by the exercise of his intellect, so that he may ennoble his soul and invent it perfect, and may become a judicious scientist, and attempt the capacity of eternal bliss in hereafter. * It is non necessarily concerned with religious issues. They have the following HADITH(the traditional sayings of the Prophet) SUNNA(the practices of their community).FIQH(Islamic law, which discusses particular problems concerning how Muslims ought to behave) * It is not exclusively produced by Muslims. * Philosophy helps the Muslim to understand the truth using different techniques from those directly provided through Islam * It is the continuous search for Hikma(Wisdom) Nature and Origin * Philosophy in its fullest common sense began in the third century of hijra(The hijra was in 622 ad it is the first year according to the Muslim calendar) * The main sources o f early Islamic philosophy are the credit of Islam and Greek philosophy.Greek philosophy because most their works on philosophy like logic, medicine mathematics and so forth were translated into Arabic. During the middle ages, both Muslims and Christian philosophers relied upon the Greek Philosophy, their main resources are the works of Aristotle and Plato along with few other(a)s. Hikma and Falsafa * Hikma (wisdom) -Philosophy as hikma has the advantage of referring to a wide range of conceptual issues within Islam. * Falsafa-an Arabic cheek designed to represent the Greek philosophia. Islamic Philosophy of Education.Islamic cultivation is an essential need derived from Islam as a religion or way of life, as Allah wanted. Thus Islam sources are the same for Islamic education. The Quran is the main source of Islam, which contains every principles of Islamic thought. Islamic education also is uniquely different from other types of educational theory and practice largely because of the all-encompassing influence of the Quran. The Quran serves as a comprehensive blueprint for both the respective(prenominal) and society and as the primary source of knowledge.Some examples of the proof that the importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Quran Al-Quran * Say are those equal, those who know and those who do not know? It is those who are endued with understanding that receive admonition (Az-Zumar 9) Sunnah * Who so walks in path seeking for knowledge therein, God leave behind thereby get out easy to him the path of paradise (Abu Hurairah and Muslim) The aims of Islamic Education * Imam Al-Ghazali * Education should make a child aware of the laws though the study of Quran and Hadith.* Education should make the child firm in religious beliefs otherwise he will be led astray. * Ibn Khaldun * Knowledge of God and faith in Islamic laws will make Muslims know the reality which in turn will lead to good and possession of good character. * Ibn Sina * E ducation as the overall growth of the individual physical, mental, and moral followed by the preparation of this by individual to live in a society through a chosen chose trade according to his aptitudes. * harmonise to Contemporary Perspectives * To provide the teachings of Holy Quran as the first step of education.* To provide experiences which are based on fundamentals of Islam as embodied in Holy Quran and Sunnah which cannot be changed * To develop such qualities of a good man which are universally accepted by the societies which have faith in religion * To bring man nearer to an understanding of God and of the relation in which man stands to his creator * To produce man who has faith as well as knowledge in spiritual development These aims and objectives of Islamic education distinguish clearly from the modern system of education which is based on Western philosophy of life.This approach of Islamic education was endorsed in the First World Conference on Muslim Education held at Mecca in 1977 in the following words Education should aim at the balanced growth of the total personality of man through the training of Mans spirit, intellect, his rational self, feelings and bodily senses. Education should cater therefore for the growth of man in all aspects spiritual, intellectual, imaginative, physical, scientific, linguistic, both individually and collectively and motivate all aspects towards goodness and the proficiency of perfection.The ultimate aim of Muslim education lies in the realization of complete submission to Allah on the level of the individual, the community and humanity at large. Mohamad Johdi (2009) synchronizes that Islamic education aims at the balanced growth of the total balanced-personality of human, acronym JERISAH Jasmani- physical Emosi- emotional Rohani- spiritual Intelek- intellectual Sosialisasi- social Alam- environment Hamba Allah- humbleness towards Allah.

Did Life Improve For Black Americans

The NAACP formed in 1909 by William Du Bois, they were active against racial injustice between sass and sass. They had various campaigns one brinyly being the main opponent of the UK Klux Klan in 1 sass. They had also stopped various opposition in which they had felt it was a correct decision, an example is blocking a nomination of judge, John Parker, a known racist. They had also pressured the Supreme Courts which ensured black Americans have the same quality of education as white Americans. The Second World warfare in 941 had many positive and negative changes.The Jim Crow Law which segregated the units in the IIS army there was a black only unit in which they werent allowed to combat in before 1944 unless were offered jobs to support the army such as transport supplies. Although discrimination occurred, US air forces didnt allow black pilots but the Tuskegee allowed them to have black pilots at the end of the war consisting of 1000 black pilots. Education was difficult for black Americans in the 1 sass and 1 9605 because of the fight f equal education in which in 1952, 20 US states had segregated public schools.Linda Brown had to walk 20 blocks to her school which consisted of black Americans charge though there was a school for white pupils near her home. In September 1 957, 9 African-Americans students entered a white only Central high up School in Little Rock this made President Eisenhower respond by sending 1000 federal troops which brought the media involved and increased the packaging to the injustices of segregation. Resilience in 195(Yes were increasing, Malcolm X whose father was murdered by white Supremes had joined the Nation of Islam and changed his surname to X.Although he rejected Martin Luther Kings speech and ideology he believed violence was the only way to secure a black nation. Many young black Americans were frustrated in Kings slow response and with the Malcolm confidence in speaking he attracted them to support him. As a result, he encouraged the self-esteem of black Americans and his ideology was supported by Black Panthers and Power.

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge Essay

Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? (The Gettier Problem) Background Epistemology A theory of _____________ What do we mean when we claim to know something? What kinds of restricts must be satisfied in order for a claim to become knowledge? Note we are concerned in __________________ knowledge here (S knows that p), not knowledge of how to do things (e. g. , knowing how to ride a bike) The tripartite theory of knowledge knowledge as justify true belief (JTB) The truth narrow We cant know something that is false. We may think that we know, but it would simply be a mistake.The belief condition If we claim to know that p, we must believe that p. We cannot know something and yet do not believe in it. (Even though we can still believe in a claim that we dont know about) In other words, believing is a _____________ condition for knowing, while knowing is a ______________ condition for believing. The Justification condition Simply holding a true belief is not enough we must also be able to give financial support to our belief. Example of a true belief that we dont consider knowledge But why is a ___________ true belief more priceless than a __________ true belief?Traditionally, philosophers have been pretty satisfied with the tripartite theory of knowledge. The three conditions set out above are individually necessary, and jointly sufficient, for knowledge claims. Now, this tripartite theory of knowledge is precisely the target of Edmund Gettiers 1963 paper Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Recall the pragmatic usage of an argument to persuade your audience of a proposition that they dont already believe. Gettiers argument serves this purpose by challenging a commonly accepted notion of knowledge (knowledge as JTB).First, Gettier lays out two assumptions of his argument Justification is ____________________One can be justified in believing something that is in incident ___________________. One is justified in believing a proposition that one has been vali dly deduced from another statement, i. e. , if one is justified in believing P, and if P entails Q, past one is justified in believing Q. Method of _____________ examples Gettier has produced two examples that 1) satisfy the tripartite conditions of knowledge yet 2) we are not inclined to consider them knowledge. sheath 1 The man who will get the job has 10 coins in his pocket Case 2 Either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Barcelona In both examples, the knowers have a justified true belief, but __________ plays an important role in both examples Constructing a Gettier case Case 3 You see your professor passed out at the Corner bar. So, you believe in the following proposition P Prof. S was drinking at the Corner Pub tonight.Suppose you are justified in believing in proposition P your professor told you that she was going to the Corner Pub you know that your professor is a lightweight the person you saw passed out has a stack of quizzes on the chair next to her. Now, it is in fac t true that Prof. S was drinking at the Corner Pub tonight. However, the person you saw was actually her identical twin infant. She came to visit your professor, and the two of them went to the Corner Pub for drinks. You saw your profs sister passed out while your prof was getting a taxi outside. 1 / 2 So, even though you have a justified true belief, do you have knowledge? Two possible solutions to the Gettier problemStrengthen justification a claim that is truly justified cannot be false (denying Gettiers startle assumption) Find the fourth condition Knowledge is justified true belief + something else POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Eyewitness Testimony Essay

The deplorcapable evaluator governances in Australia and throughout the world rely on evidence to prosecute soulfulnesss queered of a crime. Previously, criminal investigators relied upon eye hear accounts for their investigations though psychological look shows that eye find unmatchableself proof is not always hi-fi and should not be utilize in the criminal justice system as a furbish up piece of evidence (Sangero & Halpert, 2007). Numerous inquiry papers and articles have cautioned the use of witness testimony cod to many field of studys solely basing their verdict from this evidence. In light of DNA evidence, many convicted of a criminal discourtesy have been exonerated of their sentences. The use of identification tests found in numerous papers clarifies why witness testimony tail be in spotless and unreliable. Experiments made throughout the old age testing witness accounts apprehend into factors associating event characteristics, witness characteristics and lay characteristics and how they contribute to the retrieval of information from an eyewitness.These factors clarify as to why witness testimony should not be utilise solely as evidence in the criminal justice system but rather another constituent in identifying the person of interest in a criminal investigation. In 1992 a non for profit organisation was formed to help those convicted and sentenced to a crime they did not commit. The Innocence Project was formed by Barry C. Scheck and Peter J. Neufeld in affiliation with Cardozo school of law at Yeshiva University to help exonerate those found guilty via DNA testing (Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University, 1997). According to The Innocence Project, 75% of eyewitness testimony which were apply to convict suspected criminals in the United States of America was erroneous in light of DNA testing. In one such(prenominal) case in New Zealand, a man named David Dougherty was found guilty of rape and abduction of a litt le lady friend who pleaded against him in the court of law as being the man that raped her (Cleave & Gower, 2012).Mr Dougherty was acquitted of the 1992 rape in 1997 collectible to the fact that experts finally concluded that there was insufficient DNA evidence to prove beyond a doubtthat he was the culprit (Fairfax NZ News, 2009). Although DNA evidence exonerated Mr Dougherty of the crime, many believed he was the perpetrator due to the eyewitness testimony, and expert opinions were clouded due to the publicity of this case. It was only until an overseas expert testified in favour of Mr Dougherty that he was acquitted (Fairfax NZ News, 2009). This case shows the errors made by the victim/eyewitness and how certain she was of the suspect and The Innocence Project has proven that eyewitness testimony is often fictitious. It has been widely documented throughout the decades that mistaken identifications were involved in the majority of cases examined by psychological researchers (P enrod, 2005).Research has suggested that during a police investigation, eyewitnesses would sometimes be subject to view to a greater extent than one line-up to help identify a suspect (Palmer, Brewer, & Weber, 2010). Early research has cited that more viewings of potential suspects should theoretically improve the the true of the eyewitness choosing the offender (Penrod, 2005). Most recent research has found that multiple line-ups can impair subsequent identification accuracy therefore concluding that the more line-ups an eyewitness goes through, the more room for error in choosing the subject in question (Palmer, Brewer, & Weber, 2010). This study pore on post-identification feedback and separated their study into two main beas confirming feedback and disconfirming feedback to see whether these would affect how the eyewitness will proceed with subsequent line-ups. According to Palmer, Brewer and Weber,Only witnesses who received feedback after an initial countersink rejection p erformed at a level comparable with a single- posting control group, suggesting that an initial identification test can impair, but not enhance, performance on a second test involving the same culprit (Palmer, Brewer, & Weber, 2010).It is suggested within this research that criminal investigations avoid using multiple line-ups to ensure that more innocent persons of interest are not convicted due to erroneous eyewitness accuracy. In Addition to this research it has also been found that eyewitness errors increase when persons of interest are chosen out of a photo display rather than an real lineup(Lindsay & sur hardihood, Improving Eyewitness Identifications From Lineups Simultaneous Versus Sequential Lineup Presentation, 1985). These errors are believed to have something to do with the person administrating the lineups or photo arrays (Wells, Rydell, & Seelau, 1993) therefore manipulating the eyewitness choices in identifying a suspect within a lineup and subsequent lineups (Phil lips, McAuliff, Kovera, & Cutler, 1999) as previously found. This error is resolved easily by appointing someone to administer lineups or photo arrays that do not know who the suspect may be (Wells & Bradfeild, 1998).Furthermore, research has found that the interminable the time interval between the event and eyewitness account, the likely it is that the eyewitness account will be erroneous (Loftus, Miller, & Burns, 1978). Another factor relating to event characteristics is that of distance. Many studies have shown that distance between the eyewitness and the target (suspect) will have an bushel on memory recollection and facial cognition (Lindsay, Semmler, Weber, Brewer, & Lindsay, 2008). In one such experiment, it was concluded that eyewitness recognition deteriorated as the distance between them and the target increased (Wagenaar & van der Schrier, 1996). In most eyewitness testimony, it is up to the eyewitness to recall the distance between them and the target. Previously, t he courts relied upon the 15 mensuration rule the optimal viewing distance for an eyewitness (Wagenaar & van der Schrier, 1996).Lindsay et al. (2008) suggested to the courts that rather than relying on the 15 criterion rule, in general, identifications will decrease with an increase in distance hence it is up to the courts to decide whether the eyewitness accounts are credible or not. Eyewitness characteristics also factor in to the discussion of how reliable eyewitness testimony is in the criminal justice system. According to a research study by Wells & Olsen (2003), gender has genuinely little to do with how well females perform to males in terms of eyewitness identification, although some(prenominal) genders differ in how they view the event/scene. The age of a witness has a major impact on eyewitness identification as children and the elderly were found to perform poorly in congenator to young adults when experiments were conducted (Wells & Olson, 2003). Another factor incl uded into the eyewitness characteristics is that of race. It has been thoroughly investigated and concluded that people are remedy at identifying facial features of their own race than those of other races (Meissner & Brigham, 2001).This data is useful for those areasin which are culturally the same but for multicultural locations, namely Australia it would have little significance the testimony could not be verified unless there was other incriminating evidence against the suspect. One suppressor of facial recognition is that of a weapon. A weapon is believed to reduce the ability of an eyewitness to correctly identify a suspect due to the attention been drawn from the perpetrators face towards the weapon/object (Steblay, 1992). In the court of law, this aspect of whether the eyewitness remunerative much attention to facial features to be able to correctly identify a suspect becomes middling of an issue. Eyewitness testimony is self-report and cannot be checked or cross referenc ed with other facts as it is stringently psychological and based on how well the eyewitness believes they have retained sufficient facial recognition (Wells & Quinlivan, 2009). The confidence and certainty of an eyewitness has been frequently admissible in the criminal courts and the criminal justice system has previously relied upon the eyewitness assessing his/her own psychological capabilities.This has been thoroughly researches as being certainty verse accuracy (Wells & Quinlivan, 2009). In the majority of the research conducted testing this, it has been found that the eyewitness certainty has a moderate relationship with accuracy (Penrod, 2005) therefore the criminal justice system cannot prove whether the eyewitness testimony is mistaken or correct. Finally there is the factor of target characteristics. As previously stated, facial recognition is more accurate when of the same race. Another factor though is that of distinctiveness and whether the target (suspect) has a recogn izable face. It has been research that very attractive or very unattractive targets are easier to recognize than average looking faces (Wells & Olson, 2003). Changes in facial characteristics also play a role in whether an eyewitness can recall what they saw. Changes in the face that are of natural occurrence, such as hairstyle, and disguises can dramatically affect recognition(Wells & Olson, 2003).In terms of whether these types of eyewitness accounts are to be used in the criminal justice system is simple as a suspect should not be convicted solely on eyewitness testimony but be used as a resource with other evidence which may incriminate the person of interest (Sangero & Halpert, 2007). psychological research shows that eyewitness testimony is not always accurate therefore it should not be used in the criminal justicesystem solely as a piece of evidence. To be able to convict and sentence a suspect, in the interest of the courts other evidence must substantiate such claims of gui lt. Factors such as event characteristics, eyewitness characteristics and target characteristics explained in this paper show that eyewitness testimony cannot be used as reliable evidence. The studies in this paper clearly show that if there is a reasonable doubt in eyewitness testimony then it should not be used as a basis to convict a person of a crime but rather used as a constituent for further investigations of a suspect.List of ReferencesBenjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University. (1997). The Innocence Project. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http//www.innocenceproject.org/about/ Cleave, L., & Gower, P. (2012). 10 Years of Guilt over for rape victim. (N. Herald, Editor) Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http//www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3504996 Fairfax NZ News. (2009, March 07). Falsely imprisoned David Doughertys story. Retrieved July 14, 2012, from http//www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/1387410/Falsely-imprisoned-David-Doughertys-s tory Lindsay, R., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving Eyewitness Identifications From Lineups Simultaneous Versus Sequential Lineup Presentation. daybook of Applied Psychology, 70(3), 556-564. Lindsay, R., Semmler, C., Weber, N., Brewer, N., & Lindsay, M. R. (2008). How Variations in Distance Affect Eyewitness Reports and Identification Accuracy. Law and Human Behaviour, 32, 526-535. Loftus, E. F., Miller, D. C., & Burns, H. J. (1978). Semantic desegregation of Verbal Information Into Visual Memory. ledger of Experimental Psychology Human Learning and Memory, 4, 19-31. Meissner, C., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7(1), 3-35. Palmer, M. A., Brewer, N., & Weber, N. (2010). Postidentification Feedback Affects Subsequent Eyewitness Identification Performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied, 16(4), 387-398. Penrod, S. (2005). Eyewitness. In L. E. Sullivan, M. R.

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay

Introduction This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that assimilation is undefiledly understood as a exemplary classification system. Culture can be defined as additive deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spatial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of individuals in the course of the generations through group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, conciliateing the unique achievement of the benevolent groups, comprising of their personifications in trickifacts the primaeval core of cultivation include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values purification systems on the new(prenominal) hand may be deemed as products of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to withstand for another, in time though there is no s ignificant relationship. Typically elaboration is founded on a dual-lane set of meanings and symbols. symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biologic phylogeny. Humans subconsciously and consciously, strive always in make logic of their surrounding world. Some symbols homogeneous objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols offer clues in understanding the experiences. They usually press out familiar meanings which ar shared by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of law or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42).The world has multitudinous symbols. Company logos, traffic signs and sports uniforms are some of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. at that place are some symbols which are very functional for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They belong to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function like symbols, in addition they pass on nonphysical ethnic meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they signify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, provide no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects extradite both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually taken for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider viscid the figure signs on the human race bathrooms doors. However those figures signs are more than be mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supposed to use. Also they uphold the value, in USA, that restrooms ought to be gender exclusive. Even if stalls are relatively private, most places do not offer bat hrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14).Symbols frequently get recognized when use out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are apply unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are beaten so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 disunite down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between West and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have different systems of symbols however language is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals conference and through which the culture is spread. versatile languages include a system of symbols utilized for written communication, whereas others rely on nonverbal actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same central components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic invents which refer to so und which is spoken. These symbols taken together, express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a mixture of 26 letters in order to ready words where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46). facial expression study 1 Additionally, through using language, individuals converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the grimace of language, a lot of it is learned by the individuals culture. Various signals are almost usual crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning depending with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering fo r whom it is done and how its done. It may signify no thank you, hello, or Im royalty, or goodbye. Winks express a range of messages, comprising of Im only kidding, or Im attracted to you, Or We have a secret. From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of both individuals in conversation just through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41). national study two Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals dress and what it signifies to other individuals. The fashion in which a person dress symbolically communicates to other people if that individual care closely academics or if he or she is a fan of their schools football group, or it top executive converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban settings, the symbolic meaning of individuals clothes can signify faction connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify allies or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual capacity to categorize experiences, as well as encoding and communication them symbolically, like with language which is written. Due to the fact that symbolic systems were learned as well as being taught, they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for social learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This view of culture shows that individuals who live away from for each one other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can sp read easily from one group of individuals to another. tone that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution culture can be perceived as the core means of human interlingual rendition to the world which is natural (Middleton, 2002, p.16).The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions vary from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took solid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthr opologists differentiate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of data that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is discernable in the society the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individuals way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture individuals employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language and beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37).In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals.ReferencesBrowne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., & Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. bowl Green, Ohio Bowling Green State University Popular Press.Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub..Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago University of Chicago Press.Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K. Capstone Pub..Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory cn introduction. Malden, Mass. Blackwell .Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York Continuum.Source document

Bmw Films Essay

The primary issue faced by Jim McDowell is what to do for his close tradeing constrict. He go out need to decide what direction BMW ordain take in hostel to stay current in the target market place and position the chump as the leader in the luxury car industry. A sub issue that Jim is facing is that in order for BMW to tin prohibited comp ar to the disceptation, it must be at the forefront of the marketing trend. There is always pressure on innovative marketing hunt downs as a bad campaign flush toilet lead to severe injure in the company image and reputation. Decision elections.There are a number of preferences that Jim faces when deciding in what direction to move with the BMW marketing campaign. Develop more short films and figure of speech a big serial bulge of it. Develop a full length movie for the theatres Do nonhing to the exist campaign and move on to develop a new campaign To continue to use the existing BMW films asset developing a new campaign Creat ing new films on the heels of the pilot film films plus developing a new campaign Develop a full length movie plus developing a new campaign In order to decide the best alternative it is important to look at some key decision criteria.In this case the important factors would be delivery time, fortune, represent, competitive advantage, lull of implementation. Analysis of Industry In the luxury car segment, BMW and Mercedes have stand strong once morest the strong competition from Japan like Acura, Lexus, Infiniti. In year 2001, BMW is second best luxury car seller, just canful Lexus amount the other ten major luxury brands. However, BMW only ranked 8th in media expenditures, which again proved the great success on their innovative campaign. In terms of customer loyalty, luxury brand customers do tend to stay among the top brands and are very loyal.There are always customers who cudgel from BMW to Mercedes or the other way around. Since BMW has the competitive advantage of a you nger clientele, it is very important for BMW to make out marketing campaign to young adult so they can look forward to own a BMW when they can afford one. Analysis of Company Evaluation of selections Alternative 1, 2, and 3 should only be considered as a short term alternative that can achieve quick beneficial results with no pertinacious term prospects because all the alternatives evolve around the same film concept, which eventually will wear out and target audience will not be interested in it anymore.Alternative 4 takes into neb with BMWs long term goal, to be the leader in the industry with innovative campaigns. However, developing a new concept takes time and research before implementation, at that placefore some immediate alternatives needs to be done before the new campaign kicks in. Alternative 5, 6, or 7 will achieve that goal. Alternative 5 Introduce the BMW films to new markets that may have missed the online films during the campaign period will alter BMW to entic e an entirely new segment. By showing the films throughother mediums, BMW will be able to reach a wider audience plus raising the brand awareness.Since this campaign is so successful and unique, BMW can also nonplus DVD and make itas a collectible item. This alternative is weak to implement, low cost to run, low risk as the campaign is already running with huge success with good reputation. However, other companies may counterpart the idea and there is a chance that BMW will lose its competitive advantage as the films are getting overly clear to the original audiences that BMW targeted during the initial campaign period. Therefore, developing another campaign maculation this is running is necessary in order to achieve BMWs long term marketing goal.Alternative 6 The other option would be to follow up with another series of films on the heels of the original films. BMW would want to keep the number of films low to try and blend them into the successful original films and not to m arket them as another series of short films. This alternative will require some time to prepare, and the cost will be much higher in comparison to Alternative 5, which will make it harder as BMW will need more resources in creating a new campaign at the same time. It is easy to implement as all the ground works are in place from the previous films.However, this alternative will have a higher risk than other options due to the high anticipation of BMW to reach high quality films. If any of the film receives negative feedbacks, BMW will risk losing out on the campaign inwhole, plus the reputation of the series. BMW will still keep its competitive advantage with this alternative as they are still the one who leads the marketing trend. Alternative 7 Creating a full length movie can be the next big campaignfor BMW. It is a new approach and will make the brand stand out of all others. The target audience is also much wider in comparison to the initial campaign.It will take a long time to implement, and not as easy as short films because a full length film is more complicated in terms of plot and production. The cost will also go veryhigh that may use up all of BMWs resources in marketing. It is a ii sided sword because if BMW is not placed enough in the film there is no difference in doing product placement in the James Bond movie series mean plot if BMW is overly exposed in the film it may create negative feedbacks as it will look like an min long commercial. The interest level of audience will also be much lower in watching a long commercial than a short film.Decision Criteria Chart Here is the map for the best 3 alternatives (X? low score, XXX? high score) Recommendation Based on the analysis to a higher place it is evident that the appropriate course of action is to utilize the existing movies in the short term while developing a new full scale marketing plan in the background. By utilizing the existing films BMW will be able to quickly get to market films that they have already completed. They will rise the coat tails of the internet marketing, however by introducing the films to another target markets, BMW will hopefully build on the impact created by the original films.There is relatively low risk to this model because BMW has already invested in the films and by using different mediums to convey their message it is likely that an entirely new market segment will appreciate the films as the original audience did. Although the potential payback may not as great as some off the wall innovative idea, the concept behind psychotherapeutic the films to a different audience should allow more time and resources to develop another new campaign. If there are enough resources, BMW can also consider creating 1 or 2 more films to neutralize losing the competitive advantage toward the target audience.

Abortion Is a Form of Murder

Each year, two out of every one(a) hundred women aged fifteen to 44 take up an abortion, 48 % of them chip in had at least one previous abortion and 61% pct have had a previous birth. This means that these women understand the joy of a baby being born, and lock away elect to take away their privilege to live. Theyve carried these squirtren before and know the happiness of seeing their ingest tidy child in their arms for the first time. Why so, when they know they argon creating a new deportment inside of them, do they choose to deprive their child the in force(p) to live and experience everything life has to purpose?They willingly watch to charge that child and decide to have an abortion. Hence, abortion should be il juristic be father one is committing an inhumane act by killing an innocent child inside the get downs womb. The reasons take ar abortion is a form of clear up, causes many psychological issues, other means of contraceptives are available, court-order ed view against abortion, is very costly, and abortion git cause medical complications. Abortion is a form of mutilate and demeans the value of human life.When a mother is carrying a child, she does non say oh, the fetus kicked or oh, the passel of cells that hasnt become a person kicked, the mother says the baby kicked (Balanced Politics). After contraception the baby is considered alive and a human. According to The Official Senate report on Senate Bill 158, the Human Life Bill, says that aim marks the beginning of the human life of a human being- a being that is alive and a member of the human species. The life of the baby begins remunerate away one can non take that away and kill the baby.Everything that determines the individuality and originality of a person is established at conception. The first single cell contains the entire genetical blueprint of the human being. Abortion finales the innocent life of a baby. From conception, the new human conceived deserves the f ull bulwark of the law just as any other person does. Abortion causes many psychological issues not only to the mother, but also to the family. Many women who have an abortion in their younger years end up living the rest of their lives in permanent guilt.Even if the mother is fine with aborting the child, the father may not be. The father might want to keep the baby, but he call ins he has no levelheaded alternative if the mother chooses abortion. Why should he suffer for the decision the mother makes? Abortion causes damage to everyone. In a study of post-abortion patients only 8 weeks aft(prenominal) their abortion, researchers found that 44% complained of nervous disorders, 36% had go through sleep disturbances, 31% had regrets near their decision, and 11% had been prescribed psychotropic medicine by their family doctor.Since many post-aborted women use repression as a coping mechanism, there may be a long hitch of denial before a woman seeks psychiatric care (Major Psy chological Sequelae of Abortion). These repressed feelings may cause illnesses and psychiatric or behavioral issues in other areas of the mothers life. As a result, about counselors report that unacknowledged post-abortion distress is the main factor in many of their female patients, horizontal though their patients have come to them seeking therapy for seemingly unre easyd problems.Also, women may experience abortion as a traumatic event. Many are forced into unwanted abortions by husbands, boyfriends, parents, or others. If the woman has repeatedly been a victim of domineering abuse, such an unwanted abortion may be perceived as the last-ditch violation in a life characterized by abuse. Other women, no matter how compelling the reasons they have for seeking an abortion, may quiesce perceive the termination of their pregnancy as the violent killing of their own child.The fear, anxiety, pain, and guilt associated with abortion all cause damage to the motherand anyone who is asso ciated with the baby being aborted (Major Psychological Sequelae of Abortion). Women have the right to treat their bodies however they want, but there are other means of birth control that are much to a greater extent suitable abortion should be a last resort option and even then only if it is absolutely necessary. If a woman does not want to become pregnant, she should avoid this with approximately sort of contraception or abstinence.There are many ways that a woman can prevent pregnancy, the most common of which being a birth control check that generally must(prenominal) be taken once a day. If a woman accidentally becomes pregnant she can choose to put the child up for adoption, take the morning after pill, which is generally a stronger dose of a birth control pill, or use a copper intrauterine device, which must be inserted indoors five days of conception in order to work properly. If they find out too late to use either the morning after pill or to use a CID, they should ma ke the right choice and put the child up for adoption.A big mistake that most people think is that the morning after pill is the same thing has having an abortion because you are killing the baby, but the pill kills the sperm before it conceives the egg and is not actually killing the baby. About 1. 5 million American families want to adopt children, and women have up to nine months to decide where and who they want to raise their child. It is a win-win lieu for the mother because she does not have to kill her baby if she does not want the child instead she is doing a good thing by giving up the child for adoption.Rape and incest victims should take the morning after pill to prevent a pregnancy if they do not want it to occur, or put the child up for adoption. It is understandable for the mother to not want to go through with the birth because she wants to forget about the incident, but it is a much better alternative to abortion and a much safer one. The only federal agency where abortion is understandable is when the mother is in danger of dying because of giving birth to the baby. This happens in ectopic pregnancies, where the fetus begins developing outside of the womb.In this situation the mother can resort to abortion, because her life is in danger. The baby has a zero change of living also (Balanced Politics). There are many legal arguments that support not having an abortion. A good example of a case is of Roe v. Wade, which allows abortion cardinal months into pregnancy. It violates the standard of legal reasoning. The Supreme Court made a decision on not to decide when life began. It overturned state laws that protected the unborn and has resulted in over 30 million abortions (roughly the universe of Canada) in the United States.The Supreme Court clearly stated that it does not know when life begins and then violated the very spirit of this legal principle by acting as if it just proved that no life existed in the womb. A crucial role of organiz ation is to protect life. Government cannot call in a segment of the human population from its protection without adequate justification. For example, A hunter who hears rustling in the bushes shouldnt fire until he knows what is in the bushes. Likewise, a Court which doesnt know when life begins should not declare pay season on the unborn. (Arguments Against Abortion).Abortion is extremely expensive and value money should not support this majestic act. The First trimester procedures run about $500-1000. Second trimester procedures cost $600-10,000. People have the right to see where their tax money is going. Abortion is a medical procedure that must be performed by a doctor. The government contributes to many health care institutions such as Healthcare for the Homeless, intend Parenthood, free clinics, etc. Planned Parenthood, through promoting abortion, has killed far more people than the Third Reich did. It is the most efficient mass-murder machine ever devised, and is fund ed by our federal tax dollars.It may not use our tax money to abort babies but our taxes cloud and maintain the office, hire the personnel, and pay for the counseling that leads to the abortion. Everyone who pays taxes has the right to prevent their money from going to these institutions that commit murder by killing an innocent child (Abortion And Your Taxes). Abortion also causes various medical complications to the mother. Some complications include blocked fallopian tubes, weakened cervix, uterine scarring, and damage to the mothers reproductive system, which may make her otiose to conceive in the future.Women may also face the increase in the probability of tubal babies, hysterectomies, miscarriages, still births, and premature deaths. Abortion increases the chance of chest, uterine, and cervical cancer. During a womens pregnancy a surge of hormone, estrogen, causes the breast cells to divide, become more mature and secrete milk (Anti-Abortion Arguments). During this process of cell division they are more susceptible to cancer causing agents. If the woman has an abortion, the natural process is interrupted and her breast cells will appease immature.Also, not all abortions are 100% hygienically clean, which may create a leeway for hundreds of types of infections for the mother. For example, if the mother cannot afford a proper abortion, and has an abortion in a dangerous location or surround it can be harmful because the proper tools are not being used and they might not be properly sanitized (Anti-Abortion Arguments). In conclusion, abortion should be illegal due to the specific reasons mentioned in the above paragraphs. Abortion is a very harmful process which could in the end harm not only the mother, but the father too.Killing a human is never what someone should decide on doing instead they should consider giving the baby up for adoption. The mother carrying the child should realize that there are a lot of other options available for her and she d oes not have to kill a human if she does not want the baby. If a woman has been raped, she should take the morning after pill and it will help her have a less of a chance of being pregnant. In the end the guilt of killing a human will never leave the mother. Why live with that guilt feeling when one knows there are many other options out there instead of killing an innocent baby?

Taxation Tutorial 2011/12

CC3155 measure incomeation Tutorial 1 (2009/10 Semester 1) Suggested Answers to Tutorial Questions (Lecture 1) Overview of the Hong Kong Tax System and Administration A) Quiz 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. F T T T F T E The chargeable person a) Salaries tax person who has income from employment, office or pension deriving from HK, b) Property tax owner of land/buildings in HK, and c) Profits tax person who carries on a trade, profession or business in HK. 9. April 1st, March 31st, April 1st 2008, March 31st 2009. 0. (a & b) 2007/08 (c & d) 2008/09. B) Essay Questions 1. The characteristics (features) of Hong Kong tax system atomic modus operandi 18 Territorial Source Concept Schedular tax system Direct assessment Limitation to the standard stride Low tax rates No capital gains tax No tax on dividend income 2. The avocation bodies are involved in the administration of income taxes in Hong Kong interior Revenue Department (IRD) Board of Inland Revenue (BIR) Board of Review (Bo R) 3.The source of Hong Kong tax practice of law comprises Statute law Case law 1 CC3155 Taxation ______________ 4. Tutorial Answer 1 (2008/09 Semester 1) Composition BIR consists the Financial Secretary and 4 other(a) members, appointed by the Chief Executive. The CIR is one of the members and a DCIR is the secretary of the BIR. BoR consists of a chairman and a number of deputy chairman and not more than 150 other members, all of whom are appointed by the Chief Executive (s65). Functions BIR To make rules called Inland Revenue Rules (IRR) To specify the forms (e. g. composite tax return) which are needed for carrying out the provisions of the IRO To prescribe the procedure to be followed when appealing to the BoR with effect from Jun13,1997 BoR To hear taxpayers appeals against the CIRs or DCIRs determination, s82A additional tax and penalty To approve CIRs application for the taxpayer to file a didactics of assets and liabilities under s51A(1). 2