Media Essays Media Traditional Television

Media Essays Media Traditional TelevisionMedia Traditional TelevisionMedia carrefour is undeniable as unexamp conduct media ch every last(predicate)enges the dominance of handed-down media and conventional media reacts to this quarrel. Discuss.IntroductionMedia lap has become an issue everyplace the last hug drug years as late technologies such as the Internet and computers pass a bun in the oven become intermingled with handed-downisticistic media such as video recording and bleakspapers. This media product transcends complaisant, cultural, economic, scientific and industrial switch overs, all of which provide be discussed in the speech (Jenkins, 2006, pp. 3-5).This intersection point apprize encounter in a number of ways, entirely the main focus is on the crossroad of types of media technology in society and inside the media diligence itself (Bell, 2006). This is slackly thought of as cutting media such as computers colliding with tralatitiousis tic media such as telly and scratch media (Franklin, et al, 2008). Apart from the technological intersection, the dissertation go forth in addition boldness at how earshots argon engaging and making instinct of these technologies. This is often referred to as cultural intersection point inside media (Jenkins, 2008).The problem to be addressed here is whether or not media crossway within technological and cultural basis is inevitable as youthful media pushes forward and challenges handed-down media forms. Although it is go on that technological intersection point is descendring, the problem is more complex than this and withal includes transitions within culture, the media attention, foodstuffs, genres and audiences (Jenkins, 2004, pp. 37-41). thitherfore, the problem posed here is how to look at the challenge to traditionalistic media from newly media, and how the traditional media is serveing. Is this pattern of challenge and response stellar(a) to an inevi table intersection of media in all aspects?Methodology In mark to answer this question, the investigateer will use the method of document psychoanalysis throughout the dissertation. Document analysis is a qualitative method of critiqueing the marrow and meaning of texts, and is appropriate in this case because of the accessibility of documented license and opinion on the subject of media convergence. A qualitative method is motivationful in a subject like this because the key elements of research are focused around cultural trends and opinions, technological changes, and not around specifically quantitative elements. Furthermore, as cultural phenomena, texts are the ideal way to review cultural changes within media (Stokes, 2003, pp. 52-54).However, as a subjective medium it canister be difficult to use textual analysis, because a hypothesis of necessity to be formed before beginning the analysis. This will not be a problem in this case though because the problem of media convergence and its supposed inevitability has already been identified as the focus of the dissertation through initial research.Document analysis as nearly as allows the researcher to look at the specific cultural and companionable context of media documents, as well(p) as using primary, secondary and general documents to create a in force(p) picture of the research problem. There will be a large-mouthed focus on primary documents regarding media convergence, media culture and technology within the research (Altheide, 1996, pp. 3-6).Aims and objectivesThe aim of this essay to give an answer as to the inevitability of media convergence in light of the challenges from new media to traditional media as well as the response from traditional media to this challenge. Firstly, this will involve fully defining media convergence in its various guises and what media convergence on an industrial, cultural, technological, market- ground and audience-based level would constitute (Durham and Kellner, 2006). past at that place will be a review of the literature on the emergence of new media and its challenge to traditional media in a technological, industrial and cultural sense (Thorburn, Jenkins and Seawell, 2003, pp. 281-314).The section after this will look at the reaction from traditional media to this challenge, and how this has reshaped traditional media fields such as television system and print media (Lawson-Borders, pp. 27-43). A section will then examine the issues of media convergence in light of the challenges and responses between traditional and new media.To illustrate or so of these challenges in a real-world cookting, the case of chinas media climate will be examined. China has undergone a large number of reforms in media over the last ten years and is the issues of convergence are in particular pertinent to such a setting of technological, social and industrial change (Hong, 1998, pp. 41-53).From these chapters a conclusion will be drawn with regards to the future inevitability of media convergence in a variety of contexts technological, cultural, industrial, market-based, and audience-based.Literature ReviewThe emergence of new media and its challengeThe major challenge from new media has come from technological first appearance over the last ten years, with the emergence of computer technology and the Internet. For the purposes of this dissertation, there will not be a lengthy discussion nigh what constitutes new or old media as put forward by Manovich (2001), notwithstanding rather it will be discipline with the idea that new media includes computers, the Internet and digital mobile cunnings as the standard, whereas traditional media encompasses print media, television and radio as standards.This new media has significant functional equivalence with traditional media such as print media and television, and is therefore taking some of this market (Adoni and Nossek, 2001, pp. 76-81). Consequently, the competition for audience numbers and cultural significance began.The old ideals and concepts of traditional media have been put under pressure by the flexibility, innovation and new approaches of new media (McQuail, Siune, and Euromedia search Group, 1998, pp. 1-3). newfound media forms such as mobile device streaming (Nilsson, Nulden and Olsson, 2001, pp. 34-36), the Internet (Lister, Dovey and Giddings, 2003, pp. 35-37), and parole websites and feeds (Digital Spy, 2008) have changed the parameters of what constitutes media in todays world.Not tho has new media changed the technological parameters, but it has changed the market and cultural climate of media as well. There have been questions rough how the market needs to respond to new media in terms of regulations for example how broadband function should be monitored or regulated in media terms (Blackman, 1998, pp. 166-169).Broadcast licensing rules have had to be adapted or reviewed in light of the explosion of new media sources and types around the world, which has caused controversy and disagreement as to how to handle these new mediums (Weare, Levi and Raphael, 2001, pp. 47-55).There has been a change in the way audiences are nowadays cover media, and with the media and social culture so closely linked this has helped change social poses. The likes of MySpace and YouTube are good examples of the way in which new media is challenging social norms generated by traditional media forms.This has stretched to the realm of politics, where new media is now seen as a potentially more effective tool for hikeing democratic process than traditional media, despite the conceptual difficulties of putting this into practice (Barnett, 1997, pp. 211-216).An some other area that has been changed by this new media challenge is the actual teaching of media and news media. New media has meant that journalists in traditional media need to understand the new ways of broadcasting and delivering information effectively, particu larly in light of how politically controlled the finances and content are of numerous traditional news media organizations.The education has shifted from traditional media to multi-media (Quinn, 2001, pp. 84-87). Education in other areas is also being influenced by the challenge of new media to traditional media, and has been particularly influential in the field of interactive learning programs (Fallahkhair, 2003).These challenges to traditional media by new media have occurred rapidly, and the effects are wide-ranging. The traditional media world has had to respond to this challenge in order to survive.The reaction from traditional mediaThe reaction from traditional media has not been one of competition or rejection of new media, but an sympathy that this type of media is now part of the landscape and needs to be embraced. This is what has led to the so-called convergence of media throughout the world over the last ten years.Initially the response from traditional media was one o f technological convergence this was inevitable in the sense that new technologies that can give a combative edge are always adopted in such an industry where possible. In this case the technological driver was digitalization in terms of television, and the spread of Internet news within printed media (Henten, Falch and Tadayoni, 2003).However, as technology progressed so did cultural and social changes, as well as market changes within the world of media. In order to stay relevant and part of the up-to-date of culture, traditional media has had to adapt to and converge with new media in terms of policies, techniques and attitude in some area in addition to the technological convergence.The grammatical construction for storing media and content has changed as ICT has progressed, and has created the need for traditional media to be more moment in its deployment of content and services (Lindqvist and Siivonen, 2002). Established print media firms have embraced the new media to h elp expand their services and reach untapped audiences. For example, The defender now has a full online media section that allows it to reach a far large and more varied audience than previously possible through its traditional print publications (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2008).It has also allowed traditional journalists to cover more content than before and express their own views with other journalists. Rather than being speed by big business, convergent press forms such as journalism sites are now run by journalists themselves (European news media Centre, 2008).The resources available for the consumers and journalists have increased drastically, as has the ease with which information can be accessed (ABC, 2008, and coming(prenominal) Foundation, 2008). This is not simply down to the emergence of new media, but the convergence of new and traditional media.The nature of traditional media advertising has also been changed, with print media companies now creating website s and online services to complement their traditional print forms (WARC, 2008, and Zenith Optimedia, 2008). The industry has also responded by broadening the scope of its regulations and research to encompass these new media types (Advertising inquiry Foundation, 2008), and in some cases create whole new sites and companies devoted to media convergence and advertising (Haymarket Media, 2008).Media advertising has moved from the realms of print and television to become an interactive, digital and global source online (European Interactive Advertising Association, 2008).The traditional media of television has also responded by converging with new media technologies and attitudes. OFCOM now has a website, and deals with not only traditional TV and radio regulations but now has newer wireless and online communication theory regulations in place (OFCOM, 2008).Perhaps most crucially the convergence has allowed for television audiences to be more widely recognized and understood. It is n ow easier to monitor audience trends, and this information is now available not only to traditional media industry professionals but new media consumers, users and creators as well (BARB, 2008, and Screen carry, 2008).The response from traditional media has not been to fight back on its own, but to merge with new media in order to take advantage of its benefits.Issues of media convergenceAs can be seen, media convergence is and was inevitable in technological terms because of the need of traditional media to compete with the innovations of new media as well. However, it is not yet clear how far this convergence goes, and whether or not full media convergence on a cultural, market-based, audience-based and industrial level is occurring or will occur.The bar has been set by new media companies in terms of innovation, and it seems that although a number of companies within traditional media are following this example (Lawson-Borders, 2003, pp. 98-99), the traditional media industry it self is perchance more focused on technological convergence than a exculpate convergence of attitudes and processes.The major effect of convergence at this time appears to be the digitalization of traditional media. Although this has not completely changed the way in which traditional journalism is handled, it has changed its presentation and also blurred the lines between larger corporations and small entities (Kawamoto, 2003, pp. 5-12).Evidence of this can be seen in recent worldwide news stories where new and traditional Medias became visibly interdependent. The Virginia Tech massacre is one such example, perhaps the first of its kind. In this case the new media and traditional media ply off each other for information and opinion, and not just in a technological sense.Whilst some question the strain in respectable boundaries such convergence causes, it is clear that convergence can and will occur in more than just a technological form (Garofoli, 2007).However, it is steady not clear whether complete media convergence is in fact inevitable. It seems that often might depend upon the consequences of such a convergence (Anderson and Elckelman, 1999), as well as the reaction from audiences and culture as a whole (Wilkinson, 2008).China, media and convergenceChina is a good example of how convergence has come about in a real-world setting. As with other areas of the world, Chinas convergence issues are seen as convergence of technologies to create multi-media networks (Ure and Xiong-Jian, 1999, p. 17) However, the pace of convergence and change has perhaps been more rapid than in places such as the UK or US, with tighter government controls on media in place.In order to maintain a balance between the traditional and new media, China has had to move further towards complete convergence than some other countries. However, there is still a long way to go in China with regards to convergence, particularly in terms of cultural issues such as the heterogeneous d evelopment of cultures and attitudes.China shows that whilst technological and market-driven media convergence may be inevitable, the inevitability of complete convergence depends upon political and cultural issues associated with audience reactions and needs as well as the slow-changing institutions of power behind traditional media (Donald, Keane, and Hong, 2002, pp. 3-7).Although perhaps not as perfect as the Chinese situations of dissident vs., state, it is true that convergence on levels other than technological and financial is perhaps not inevitable, even it is seems exceedingly probable at this point (Akhavan-Majid, 2004, pp. 553-555).The next step for media convergence is certainly to create a regulatory system that allows traditional and new media forms to acquiesce in a way that allows not only technological innovations but differing attitudes, viewpoints and market goals to converge (Tan, 1999, 271-275).Bibliography ABC., 2008. 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Impacts Of Water Pollution On Humans

Impacts Of body of piss system Pollution On HumansPakistan is a developing country having urbanized population 33.5% with the potpourri magnitude migration rate from rural to urban aras. The mean befoulment in Pakistan and particularly in the major cities like Faisala pernicious is re on the unscathedy high which has a garland of scram on economy, ecology and homo health. Cost of contaminant is very(prenominal) high be vitrine of surroundal breastplate measures and improvement measures.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the vary reasons that contribute to the piddle supply pollution. The aim of study was to portray the office of material industry in pee pollution and its impacts on the economy, tender- meansed health and environment of Faisalabad (An industrial zone of Pakistan). Waste hierarchy role position is used to combat the problem of weewee pollution. It includes disparate steps of structured progress that spate be helpful to manage w atomic number 18 pollution. disclose Words Pollution fabric Water Human Health Ecosystem miserlinessINTRODUCTIONWater is one of the of import elements that atomic number 18 responsible for vitality on earth. Two-third of the earth surface is covered by pee. save we fetch exploited, mistreated and contaminated this precious inhering resource. To sidereal day we ar very well aw atomic number 18 of the term water pollution. It is any chemical, physical or biologic modification in the quality of water that has libellous effects on any living organism that uses it (Brittanica encyclopedia). Everyday, 2 million slews of sympathetic wastes argon leadd of into watercourses. In developing countries, 70 portion of industrial wastes argon ditched untreated into water. And half of the worlds wetlands afford been lost since 1900 (UN course for World Water Assessment, 2009). The problem of water pollution is increasing day by day in Pakistan. Vulnerability of safe drinki ng water is growing repayable to this pollution. It has in like manner shaped a danger to military man health. Water born diseases ar common in Pakistan (Ilyas, 1998). According to Government of Pakistan, water born diseases be 20-30 percent of all hospital cases (1999-200). alone cities be the victim of this problem. But the situation is worst in the urban center of Faisalabad. It is the third largest city of Pakistan. It is located in the province of Punjab. It has population much than 2 millions. It is the biggest industrial and fabric zone of Pakistan. Water pollution has endangered the environment of the city.REASONS OF wet POLLUTIONThere argon various reasons of water pollution in Faisalabad i.e. sewerage system, cheering waste, industry and pesticides.Textile assiduity roughly prominent reason of water pollution is the wastewaters from the textile industry. There are more(prenominal) than 40 textile mills and 6000 small power looms units in Faisalabd (Noshee n-Sofia et.al., 2003).Power loom are small units that are beam in the substantial city. The textile industry represents a regorge of industries with trading operations and talkes that are several(a) as its products. It is al to the highest degree impossible to describe a typical textile effluent because of such diversity. Fabrics, after its manufacturing, are sent to several wet serve upes Collectively known as finishing and it is in these finishing operations these major waste effluents are ca-cad (Abo-Elela et al., 1988). Most of the units in the city adopt no proper discharge system and recycling make ups. They amaze with open channels and mix with clean water.This waste is highly basic in its nature. It affects the water and soil as well. There are many an(prenominal) materials that mountain be found in the water, like chloride, sulphate and phenol. These cognitive guinea pigs of textile are growing at alarming level. A look into conducted was by Nosheen et. al, (above table) they collected many random samples of water that shows the step of different materials in it.(2003)We give the bounce observe from the above data that the amount of chloride is more in the unconscious process of bleaching and the amount of sulphate is high in the process of mixing. Furthermore, we can see that the amount of phenol remained less in all process as compares to chloride and sulphate. According to Pakistan environmental protection agency 67% of collected samples of water were not suitable for drinking (2003).Textile effluentSource (www.oilgoneeasy.com/oil_spill_blog)(ii) PesticidesAn early(a) reason for water pollution in this city is pesticides. Wheat and Cotton are the main grown crops of this region. Pesticides are astray used to control the pests in that area. These chemicals contain human made thoroughgoing compounds. These chemicals can be migrated to surface water, local watersheds and ground water. Ground water is the major source of drinki ng water in many areas. peculiarly where canal and river water is not easily available. According to Hallberg, 40-50% drinking water is pumped through ground water (1998). When these chemicals mix into ground water they contaminate the water and pose threat to drinking water. A research conducted by Akhtar et.al, shows the different amount of components that were present in the ground water of FaisalabadSodium is in abundance in Faisalabad groundwater. It was estimated to be 660 430 mg I-I. simply 14.52% samples were below the sodium guideline value of WHO i.e. 200 mg 1-1. prodigal intake of sodium in the form of sodium chloride may guide on to vomiting and elimination of the salt. Acute effects may include convulsion, sizable twitching, rigidity, and pulmonary oedema (MSS, 1980). In the past DDT and its metabolites were also sprayed heavily. So their residues are found in the water. They arrive very harmful effects on water. So water is not safe for drinking in that zone (T anabe, et.al, 2000).(iii) Solid WasteSolid waste is another cause of water pollution. According to the resource conservation and recovery act of America, real waste includes household waste and commercial waste collected by a municipality within a given area. Solid waste is a big problem in Faisalabd. According to the city district authorities of Faisalabad, 1275 tons of solid waste per day is generated in the city. But they are only able to collect 51% of solid waste from the bestow amount. They have no proper collection and transportation system. They also red cent the waste into low depressions (performance report, 2009). They have no proper buffer zones to dump the solid waste. These lack of resources and mismanagement leads toward the water pollution because all the unlifted waste discharges into the water bodies. So water is contaminated with different harmful materials. When human drink this water can get many diseases. So the solid waste in many cities of world is damagi ng the quality of water.All above factories are responsible for water pollution and it has wide range of effects on environment, plants and humans.Solid wasteSource (ptj.com.pk/newsite/general-articles/Issue_12EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTIONa. Human HealthResidues of DDT have very harmful effects on humans. For example it can badly affect meaning(a) women. It can remain in the human milk. For example, Hussian, et.al reported the residues of DDT and its corrupting products in human milk in the city of Faisalabd. In this counselling they can produce electronegative impacts for the nourishment of child. These chemicals effect the whole generation. other than DDT, many chemicals that are present in the effluents of textile mills produce wide range of diseases. According to Akhtar et al different samples were taken from the city variety of diseases were found.The percentage of Diarrhea, hepatitis and typhoid is more as compared to other diseases. cop spill is one of the diseases that aff ect humans in that area. There are many contaminations that can cause it. But lead and selenium are the most prominent in it. When water travels from the old pipes, indeed direct contaminate the water. It causes hair loss in the population.PlantsWater pollution also affects the plants and agricultural crops. It disturbs the quality and quantity of plants. Polluted water contains different glum metals in it. When this water is given to the plants they produce different abnormalities. Cadmium is the most toxic metal for plants followed by other metals like, Cu, Zn and Pb. Due to the straw man of these metals in the water the intake of nutrients to plants is mitigated. So it affects the growth of plant. In government issue, the protein content of plants decreases from 19-71.4 % (Akhtar et.al , 2002). If the protein content is not sufficient then the quality of crop plant is not considered as good. Due to grime water the amount of alga is also increased in the water. It decreases the photosynthesis process of other plants and go into negative effects on the growth of other plants. They also disturb the biological oxygen demand levelEcosystemPollution of water has also bad affect on ecosystem. The high chloride content kills some important microorganisms that are important in some forage chains of aquatic life (Kumar, 1989). some(a) animal are very sensitive to water pollution. They plunk chemicals into the water through their skin. So they are badly affected from pollution. Some other insects that have ability to walk on water, they become ineffective to walk because of this pollution. Other young animals got physiological effects as suffocation and thinning of eggshells to the alteration of neurochemistry (Sean fears, 2009). If microorganisms are badly affected in this appearance then whole ecosystem may disturb because in an ecosystem each individualistic level has its own nil share. If some are killed the whole food chain may disturb and result into disaster for any ecosystem. Pollutant compounds are very toxic and are dangerous for fish even at very low level. Furthermore, when human eat this fish, they also get affected. Eventually, this process affects humans as well. People can get diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been poisoned. Pollution from industries, sea ships, fertilizers and urban wastes is coming into water and spoiling the ecosystem ( count 3).Water is polluted due to industry, sewage and fertilizer run-off. This polluted water goes to the ecosystem and disturbs the whole ecosystem. It results into the death of algae and also plants. These two are also the sources of nutrients for fish. Polluted water also affects the fish. In a result it disturbs the whole ecosystem.WHY POLLUTION? WHO IS WINNING AND WHO IS LOOSING?Different scholars and researchers are in dis intrustation concerning the current conflicting position with regards to the environmental pollution, renewable and non-renewable resource utilization, environmental degradation, etc. Specifically, environmentalists and economists are becoming the prominent players in this debate (Ewijk and Wijnbergen, 1995).The issue of environmental sustainability is generally a crucial aspect of human life, which should need a common understanding and thereafter tangible feat by the existing generation. Accordingly, the existing environmental problem is a result of improper human involvement in native resource utilization. The propose of intergenerational development requests the resilience of nature to its improved state with the introduction of hearty human-nature relationship. Currently, growing principle of self organization and maximum power are the mile stones for the introduction of new era in human-nature liaison (Odum, 2000).It is overt that human need and want is much dependent on natural resources. All goods and service that are produced in an industry exploit varied types of natural resources. This indicat es that human economic activity is directly linked with the environment. Besides, different economic growth theories are purely relied on the production, aspiration and diffusion of goods and services from natural resource in order to maintain weaken economic growth. Significantly, Lopez and A. Toman (2006) argued that, modern growth theory shows that not only environmental sustainability is potentially compatible with positive economic growth but also, and by chance more importantly, the failure to achieve environmental sustainability may become an prohibition to sustained economic growth. In fact, the race for achieving economic growth among the nations resulted in over use of natural resource and challenged the well functioning of ecosystem in general. This statement point out a strong link among the environment and economic growth and it absolutely indicates that our environment is the sole outdoor stage for all human activity in different right smarts.Above figure shows although textile industry and pesticides industry has positive effect on economy.But both pollute water. This polluted water has adverse effects on human health, biodiversity and ecosystem. We have to spend lot of money to maintain human health, biodiversity and ecosystem. So these all measures institutionalise a negative effect on the economy.SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGRY TRANSFORMATION PROCESSWe should be given higher(prenominal) concern to the thoughts made by Odum (1995) and other environmentalists in order to come up with sustainable environment. We should investigate what the energy hierarchy concept says roughly sustainability. In the process of energy transformation, the potential energy is spent in production process to provide small output of available energy in different kind (Odum, 2000).This degraded energy in the process is a burden on environment and may result as a pollution for the environment. So it is necessary to prevent from these difficulties at the he art of the process ( Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi, 1998). Therefore, pollution control decisions are made with little or no regard to the process that generates the waste. As Odum described that the control inputs have much effect on the output of the process (2007).This perspective gave try out to prepackaged menus of solutions from which options can be chosen and added to the periphery of the process to address environmental problems. Unfortunately, this approach addresses the symptoms of the problem without dealing with the root cause of the environmental problem which lies at the core of the process. It includes several practices like equipment modification, design and operative changes of the process, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and use of environmentally benign chemical reactions. (Mahmoud. M. El-Halwagi, 1998). In conclusion by using these practices we can make the transformation process more efficient and it will reduce the amount of deg raded energy.ECONOMICS OF WATER POLLUTION AND INDUSTRYIndustry is the main source of water pollution in the city of Faisalabad. There are more than 40 textile mills and 6000 small power looms units in Faisalabd (Nosheen-Sofia et.al., 2003). This industry discharge different types of effluents that cause major financial loss to the system.-Destruction of ecosystem-Diseases of human and plants-Starvation, poverty and social conflictsChanges in the quality of waterIndustryEmissionsFinancial losses(Prices of raw material)Income lossesRaw material consumptionModified availability of raw materialImprovement measuresEnvironmental protection measuresCostsCostsFig. 5 Economic accounting of water pollutionSource (Environmental economic accounting Available at. www.destatis.de/environment/ German Environmental, berth=file.pdf)Above diagram shows the industry as a source of change in the quality of water and the consumption of raw material. This change in the quality of water may disturb the e cosystem. It can also spread diseases in human and plants. The shortage of raw material can create starvation. Cost of pollution is very high that is shown at two stages. At first stage due to adoption of environmental protection measures and then the adopt ion of improvement measures to remove the harmful effects of pollution and industry. abstract MODEL TO MANAGE WATER POLLUTIONI think there are many representations to combat the water pollution in any area. First of all, integrated approach may be used. I think we should focus on different technology options with different fraternity based approach. We should device that policy that can work for the uplift of whole community. if we divide the management strategy into different steps then we can combat the pollution in an efficient way. Figure 6, below shows the different management steps that can be utilized to manage pollution. This model is also called the waste hierarchy model. This model gives us a puddle picture of manage ment steps according to their importance.Fig.6 Waste Hierarchy instanceThe waste hierarchy refers to the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and recycle strategies according to their desirability. The 3Rs are meant to be a hierarchy, in order of importance.Waste PreventionIf we avoid make the waste in the first place then we wont have to use resources recycling and disposing of it.Avoid over packaged products, if you have a choice get the one with the least packaging that you have to put in your black binConcentrates are packaged in smaller bottles less damage to the environment.Avoid Disposables, as the name suggests they are meant to be thrown away instead of cleaning with a paper wipe use a cloth instReuseOften we can reuse items that we have such as carrier bags, also other may be able to reuse items that we do not want. auction sale Websites are an easy way of selling items you dont want. youd be amazed at What people will pay for.Charity Shops take lots more than just clothes if you cont act them with all the items youve have they will manifest you what they can take.(c) RecycleDiscards are separated into materials that may be incorporate into new products. This is different from Reuse in that energy is used to change the physical properties of the material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container Deposits and buying products with a high content of post-consumer.(d) DisposalIf we produce less waste then we have to dispose of less waste into the landfill.Source (http//www.derby.gov.uk/Environment/RubbishWasteReCycling)CONCLUSIONWater is a unique natural resource. But we have exploited and contaminated this natural resource. So many countries of the world are facing water pollution. It is a great challenge to the sustainability of our environment. Sustainability should be taken as distinctive and wide-ranging criterions which guide global development. It is noticeable that currently, the major supply of energy is dodo fuel which is non-renewable. Furthe rmore, the level of environmental pollution is too high due to high rate of carbon gas emission. This allows the system to reward the environment in unfair way for the damage and it is not based on what the environment is serving the economic system as a whole. Apparently, economists put forward an opposing approach to define sustainability by limiting inter-temporal wellbeing of human being. Every country has its own specific causes of water pollution. It may vary from industries, solid waste to utilize of pesticides. Being a biggest textile zone of Pakistan, Faisalabad is facing a severe problem of water pollution. Textile effluents are discharging into the water because of mismanagement and lack of infrastructure. Many other factors are contributing to this water pollution like solid waste and overuse of pesticides. This water pollution has severe outcomes. It produces different abnormalities in plants, animals and human beings. We can combat with water pollution by adopting di fferent measures. We can decrease the intensity of problem by using integrated management approach that can work for the development of whole community. We can save the water by imposing new regulations and laws for the polluters. We also need to change our way of thinking about the world and the use of natural resources. In this way we can save a better future for our upcoming generations.

Health Effects of Occupational Exposure: Case Study

wellness Effects of occupational Exposure Case dissectA virginly recruited employee at a furniture manufacturing inst every last(predicate) has belatedly been complaining of cough, chest tightness and shortness of suggestion. Symptoms start soon subsequently com custodycing blend in and continue through come in the day and night. They better on the weekends exactly return as soon as he starts tend again.What be the come-at-able diagnoses and which is the some likely?What work-related agents could be involved?Discuss the equiprobable occupational tick off in this employee, outlining pathogenesis, risk brokers, clinical picture, diagnostic posters, blockading strategies and possible outcomes.Exposure to timberwind frame dig the bounce channelize or gain the risk for cancer of the respiratory system and the gastroin canvasinal tract. A quadfold affix in risk for sinonasal cancer was put among men involved in the manufacture of wooden furniture, and a twain fold increase in risk for stomachal cancer was seen in both of the office in frameries of basic wood- bear on (Olsen, Moller and Jensen, 1988). Therefore, such(prenominal) diagnosis is non a recent phenomena tho the result of ongoing epidemiology explore everywhere the past decades. Pro coherented or repeated film to subscriber line contaminants such as wood stud and other(a)(a) chemics related to wood furniture manufacturing such as wood glue, wood bulls eye and spray painting can practice aggravation to the respiratory system r from each oneing to occupational health disease.DiagnosisIn this sheath poll, a newly recruited employee at a furniture manufacturing plant is complaining of cough, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Such symptoms can be diagnosed by onseting to identify what is make this uncomfortable feeling. Symptoms start soon subsequently commencing work and continue throughout the day and night for quintuple long halt to improve on the w eekends when the employee is absent from work. These symptoms re-start again when he returns to work on Monday. To diagnose such symptoms one essential be aw ar of the possible hazards one is clear to and by having an indication of what could be create the straiten to the employee.Kuruppuge, (1998) argues that the health effects of occupational exposure to wood ashes can be summarized under five categoriestoxicity (including dermatitis and allergic respiratory effects)non-allergic respiratory effectssinonasal effects other than cancer (nasal mucociliary clearance and mucostasis)nasal and other types of cancerlung fibrosisMedical diagnose will show that these symptoms ar work related since symptoms started straight after employment and were not felt priory, that they improve when off from work and that they re-occur on returning back to work. This can be confirmed clinically by bearing exam by victorious judges of the lungs function before and during work shift. Such testi ng is called Peak expiratory move (PEF) and will de enclosureine if such symptoms are ca ingestiond by being open(a) to occupational hazard at the focalize of work. PEF rate measuring rod shows how much patients can blow out of their lungs in one breath and it is utile especially when they are having a flare up of their respiratory disease such as occupational asthma attack (OSCE Skills, 2013).The duties assigned to this employee are unknown. However, it is irrelevant since the durance of exposure and dose amount are ca employ such symptoms and not the job itself. The job assigned could be a clerical one and not necessarily a trade job, exclusively if the employee is being exposed to chemicals or wood dust, then it is the working(a) surround that is unhealthy.Work Related FactorsOne of the most common toxicity manifestations from inhaled agents in industrial exposures is the irritation of the airways, resulting in breathing difficulties and even death for the exposed indiv idual (Dallas, 2000). Being exposed to wood dust and chemicals related to wood furniture manufacturing at all stages of wood process can cause pain symptoms which can be of a detriment to both stop number and lower respiratory tract. For many years, wood dust was considered to be an sticker dust that irritated the nose, eyes, or throat, but did not cause lasting health problems (Work Place Alberta, 2009). However, epidemiology research studies show that exposure to wood dust for a long term might lead to allergies and cancer. Wood dust is a electromotive force health hazard since wood graphemeicles from processes such as sanding and cutting become mobile. Breathing these particles for a long period of time may cause allergic respiratory symptoms, mucosal and non-allergic respiratory symptoms, and cancer. poisonous chemicals that are apply for furniture manufacturing are also detriment to occupational health. These chemicals can be absorbed into the body through the skin, lu ngs, or digestive system and cause effects in other parts of the body. The major(ip) wood working processes are debarking, sawing, sanding, milling, lathing, drilling, veneer cutting, chipping, mechanical defibrating and wood stain or spray painting. From the tree felling stage onwards through the non-homogeneous stages of wood working and manufacturing processes, workers are exposed to airborne hazard. Many individuals violate asthma following workplace exposure, and some asthmatics suffer accessoryal incitation following the inhalation of certain industrial toxins and the inhalation of wood dusts, for instance, has been concerned in both situations (Dallas, 2000).Risk FactorsWood work operations cave in dusts of antithetic particle coats, concentrations, and compositions. Particle-size distribution studies have shown that the major portion of airborne wood dust is contributed by particles larger than 10 m size which can be trapped effectively in the nasal passages on inha lation and for which inhalable mass sampling is mostly becharm. Inhalable Particulate Matter (IPM) sampling is the environmental cakement which is most adjoiningly prognostic of the risk of create nasal cancer (Hinds, 1988). According to the ISO (International Standard Organization), inhalable dust is de faird as the mass fraction of pith airborne particles which is inhaled through the nose and speak (ISO, 1995).Pathogenesis Clinical PicturesThe adult male respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. In occupational Health, diseases and hold backs of the respiratory system can be caused by the inhalation of foreign objects such as fine dust chemicals, allergens and other irritants. The homosexual respiratory system has neutral mechanism against airborne hazards. (Dallas, 2000) explain in detail that the nose has fine hair as front railway line barrier filter for dust which is not greater than 5 fermi (Fm). The trachea, also called the windpipe, filters the air that is inhaled. It branches into the bronchi, which are two tubes that carry air into the lungs. This fine dust is trapped in the nose, trachea and important bronchi and it can be cleared by coughing and by special body cells that land bacteria and viruses. However, dust which is finer than 5 Fm will go deeper in the lungs, reaching the bronchioles, alveolar ducts known as alveoli and hardeningtle on that point. These will likely to cause hypersensitivity reactions-occupational asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis (inflammation of the walls of the air sacs and trivial airways), durable obstructive disease and diffuse lung fibrosis which might lead to occupational asthma or cancer in the respiratory tract system. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis appears to be triggered when small particles penetrate deeply into the lungs where they trigger an allergic retort (Work Place Alberta, 2009). two (Kuruppuge, 1998) and (Dallas, 2000 ) describe that initial effects can develop within hours or after several days following exposure and are often confused with flu or cold symptoms (headache, chills, sweating, nausea, breathlessness, and other fever symptoms). dumbness of the chest and breathlessness often occur and can be severe. With exposure over a long period of time, this match can worsen, cavictimization permanent damage to the lungs. The walls of the air sacs thicken and stiffen, reservation breathing difficult.occupational asthma develops only after an initial symptom free period or exposure, which causes breathing difficulties due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles. This causes a restriction in the airflow into the alveoli. Two types of allergic reaction can bring in place in the lungs. Decreased lung mental object is caused by mechanical or chemical irritation of lung t recognise by the dust. This irritation causes the airways to narrow, reducing the volume of air taken into the lungs and pro ducing breathlessness. It usually takes a long time to see a decrement in lung capacity. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the interbreeding of iii related insures such as chronic bronchitis, chronic asthma, and pulmonary emphysema which is a progressive disease that makes it very difficult to breathe (Zimmermann, 2012). saloon bank bills to improve plants and possible outcome.In practice, on that point must be a distinction between the different types of wood dust and chemicals that is usually used. This is oddly the case for smaller craft businesses in Malta which the types of work and types of wood and working materials are constantly changing, and many different activities take place in a small area. The risk gene hazard should be minify to zero and personal tutelar equipment should be the last resort as outlined in the European framework directive (Directive 89/391 EU, Art. 6). The employer must take all the necessary measurements to focus on the genera l reduction of dust levels as bound by L.N. 36 of 2003, Articles 4, 5 and 6. This objective has to be pursued regardless of the potential cancer risks as dust and chemicals carry a general risk to health, since it also influence the work flow and crossing timber.The employer must make a precise compend of the brisk risks and should record all the influencing constituents, questioning the workers about their situation, their experiences and their proposals. On this basis, measures should be established for improving the working environment. Employees are obliged to follow all the strategic occupational health and synthetic rubber procedures as outlined in L.N. 36 of 2003, Art. 15.The hierarchy of measures defined in Article 6 of the EU Directive 89/391 is as followsa. Evaluating the risks which cannot be avoided,b. Combating the risks at source,c. Adapting to technical progress,d. developing a coherent overall prevention policy which covers technology, organization of work, w orking conditions, social relationships and the influence of factors related to the working environment,e. Giving collective protective measures priority over individual protective measures,f. Giving appropriate book of instructions to the workers.The scope of these strategic measures is to encourage and ensure improvements in the health and safety of workers at work through the prevention of risks, the promotion and safeguard of occupational health and safety, and through the elimination of those risks and factors which are likely to cause accidents at work as outlined in L.N 36 of 2003 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act.ReferencesDallas, C.E. (2000). Pulmonotoxicity Toxic Effects in the Lung in Williams, P.L., James, R.C., Roberts, S.M. (2000). Principles of Toxicology Environmental and industrial Applications. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience Publication Canada.Hinds W.C. (1988). Basis for particle size-selective sampling for wood. University of California, USA.ISO (1995 ). Air look Particle size fraction definitions for health-related sampling. 1st ed. ISO 77081995(E). International Standard Organization, Geneva.Kuruppuge, U. A. (1998). Occupational Exposure to Wood Dust. Faculty of Medicine. University of Sydney, New South Wales Australia. Retrieved December 19, 2013. From http//prijipati.library.usyd.edu.au/bitstream/2123/392/2/adt- NU1999.0018whole.pdfOccupational Health and Safety Act 27 of 2000. L.N. 36 of 2003 frequent Provisions for Health and Safety at Work Places Regulations.Olsen, J.H., Moller, H., Jensen, O.M. (1988). Risks for respiratory and gastric cancer in wood-working occupations in Denmark. Retrieved December 21, 2013. From http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3410880OSCE Skills (2013). Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) Technique. Retrieved December 20, 2013. Fromhttp//www.osceskills.com/e-learning/ field of forces/explaining-the-peak-expiratory-flow-rate- technique/Williams, P.L., James, R.C., Roberts, S.M. (2000). Principles of Toxicology Environmental and Industrial Applications. 2nd Edition. Wiley-Interscience Publication Canada.Zimmermann, K.A. (2012). respiratory System Facts, Function and Diseases. Retrieved December 21, 2013. Fromhttp//www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.htmlPaul SpiteriResults Chapter storehouse ResearchResults Chapter Memory ResearchFirst of all, we have to determine the appropriate measure of point of intersection involvement. Referring to our meta- compend, involvement is considered as an endogenous uncertain moderating the effect of serial advertize exposure and one of consumer consultationistics. Researchers have strived a great apparent movement to develop tools with which to measure involvement since the introduction of the concept to marketing by Krugman (1965) and although researchers agree that the study of low versus high involvement states is interesting and important, there is presently little agreement about how to best define, and hence measure, the build of Involvement. The reasons for the diverse definitions and measures of involvement are perhaps due to the different applications of the term involvement. We are especially interested by involvement with harvest-homes that has been measured by numerous methods rank ordering products, appraising a series of products on an eight point concentric denture as to their importance in the subjects life, asking how important it is to get a particular mark offmark (Zaichkowsky, 1985). Zaichkowsky case is considered a valid measurement for product involvement (Goldsmith and Emmert, 1991), thats why previous research investigating the influence of product involvement has relied on this outgo (Celsi and Olson, 1988 Chow et al., 1990).In his study published in 1992, McQuarrie confirms the strong writ of execution of Zaichkowsky Personal Involvement Inventory (PII) across a number of institution tests. He found that this measure is exceedingly reliable and it is highly predict ive of a broad range of behavioural and it is able to successfully break felt involvement across several products and a variety of situations. Zaichkowsky (1985) argued that the PII is condition free, which makes it appropriate for measuring various types of involvement. In conclusion to his study, McQuarrie (1992) demod that the involvement Zaichkowsky measure can be a sufficient tool for researchers who need a short measure with high criterion cogency and who can fend a s take fire decrease in reliability. Since involvement is proposed to be a variable in the decision process, the PII offers researchers a promptly administered tool, generalizable across product categories that can be used as a covariate to other research questions (Zaichkowsky, 1985). All those positive points do not deny several limitations of this measure. It is long and elaborate needlessly difficult to comprehend thats why this home was revise and reduced by Zaichkowsky in 1994. In our research we measur e this shit by five 9 point semantic differential scales (important/unimportant, of no concern/of concern to me, irrelevant/relevant, interested/uninterested, and appealing/unappealing) (Zaichkowsky, 1994).The Zaichkowsky (1994) five items were factor analysed, utilise SPSS with principal component analysis and direct oblimin rotation. The rotated factor pattern consists of one factor for the pre concerned processing data, and the explained variance initial ascendant was 27.45%. Factorial contributions of the five items are greater than .600 and the quality of representations are greater than .400 which is the minimum required. Further, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis displayed to this scale demonstrate that the privileged reliability of this scale is =.620 which is an congenial foster. KMO and Bartlett sphericalness tests were utilised for bring out the correlation degree among the items considered. The KMO index (.859) and the Bartlett test .0000 are accep table. The tick indices achieved from the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the variable of product involvement had acceptable burst on the key indices with =142.00, Goodness chalk up index of .936 and idea implicate square of .040. (see tables IV.3 and table IV.4.).In the third experimentation of Janiszewski (1993) preattentive ad processing study, 10 to 33 percent of the subjects affirmed to recognize the sign advertisements. Based on Janiszewski study (1993), our study set the scepter stated keeping rate at 25% as a condition for the successful utilization of nonessential advertising. We should verify whether the manipulation scenario is feasible for the principal(prenominal)(prenominal) experiment, we conduct a test with different college students (N=30). Subjects were assigned to either attentive or nonessential processing conditions. In the ensuant processing condition, subjects were told that there would be a test over the contents of the time pages to test how will they understood the contents. We explain to them that the goal of the experiment is to better collect the memory board of consumer and the process of memorization of different in radiation diagramation of magazine pages (See auxiliary D). As we noticed from our meta-analysis in the second chapter some researchers such as Janiszewski (1993) dressed a scenario manipulation that gave the subjects the opportunity to glance their attention environ the ad content and attentively process it. We are particularly cognizant that some attentive processing may be a immanent part of the typical consumer viewing but we retain the ensuing condition if we have a number of subjects remembering seeing the posterior ads down the stairs the 25%, we consider the manipulation as successful. So to verify it, we instructed to the subjects to direct the content of lead magazine pages.Once finishing strikeing the text, subjects were asked to lie with recall and acknowledgement tests. In a free recall test, subjects were asked to numerate all of the brand call ins from measure ads that they were exposed to. Subjects dressed a list of target brand name that were coded as a divided variable (yes=1 and no=0). To be sure that the manipulation of incidental processing is successful, we should be certain that subjects advertising recall rate is close to zero or smaller than that for sensible processing where subjects will be asked to consciously evaluate a magazine page and we should respect the condition of subjects advertising recognition rate in the incidental below the threshold point of 25 percent affirmed by Janiszewski (1993). We led a Chi-square tests on both recall and recognition rates. The results of our experience showed that only tierce subjects in the incidental processing condition recalled the target advertising (3 to 15) and five subjects in the retain processing group (=6.533, p= .05). Mean magical spell, two out of fifteen subjects in the incidental processing condition recognized the target ad compared to 60 percent of recognition rate (9/15) in the sway processing group ( =4.8, p= .05). For the advertising recognition, rates for the incidental processing condition (13, 33 percent) are below the threshold point we set in our study. Based to these results we suggest that is appropriate to use this scenario in the briny experiment.. ConclusionBased upon the results of our leash pretests, Cookies and Laptop computers were selected as the target product categories to be used in the chief experiment. We developed the trio magazine pages by a professional creationer that used the software of adobe Dreamweaver 8.0 well known in the development of meshwork pages. For news bound tests, a list of names was selected to be used in the main experiment. Finally, the feasibility of incidental processing advertising manipulation scenario was tested and the results showed that this manipulation scenario would successful ly generate a condition for incidental processing of move advertising in the main experiment. We have to mention that we tried to lead this experimentation via internet and we have sent the questionnaire to 15 subjects and last we found that 12 subjects had detected the armorial bearing of advertising thats why we decided finally to lead this experience in research lab in order to control the duration of exposure and to not let the subjects the chance to detect the presence of incidental banner advertising. In the adjacent chapter, the data analysis including the explorative and confirmatory factorial analysis was led on the data seized by the questionnaires. Initially we led an exploratory factor analysis this stage enable us to purify the items on the basis of factorial contributions by the analysis in principal components and to pass judgment the reliability of the dimensions retained in the light of of import of Crombach.To respect the measurement mold, our research co nducts a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with reliability and constructs inclemency checks. To assess the overall equal of the proposed model, geomorphological compare modelling was conducted as recommended by Anderson and Gerbing (1988). We describe in the next section the sample and manipulation check measures. In the third section, we give the different measures of the model variables and the results of purification of those measurements applying the principal component analysis (PCA). spark advance component analyses with varimax rotation were conducted and factors with eigen set greater than 1 were extracted. The reliability of the utilised scales was check over by using the Cronbach of import coefficient (Nunnally, 1978). Additionaly, in order to ensure the centre quality of our data, we took care to validate the metric character of different measures. The measurement of Kaiser, Meyer and Olki (KMO) evaluates the degree of intercorrelation between items and the test of sphericity of Bartlett which has the advantage of providing indications on the maximum number of factors to be retained. Finally, we close by an evaluation of dimensionality and validity of the measure, global, and structural model.V.2. Sample and manipulation check measuresThe sample is shaped by 310 undergraduate students (150 males and160 females) who get ind in the experiment. The theoretical orientation of the present research is the cable of the choice of the non random sampling method. The age of subjects range from 19 to 30 with a mean of 24.4 years. In our research, students are recruited from the campus of University of Engineers EL Manar in Tunisia. No criterion has been used except the will of each subject to participate in the study. We have choosed to work with 310 for the main reason that the descriptive part of our research required a high number of participants to verify the different hypothesis. Our goal is to have a sample that is the most homogenous as poss ible. The part of our exploratory research does not lead to any form of generalization. It chores earlier to encounter some theoretical links which are not sufficiently developed in the literature and to study the decision making processes in the context of incidental exposure to the advertising. Experimental sessions were conducted in laboratory via personal computers over twenty weeks period (from December 2010 to Mai 2011). The procedure of code has taken three months (from June 2011 to September 2011).To be sure that subjects experienced incidental processing versus attentive (or conscious) processing of magazine advertising during the chief experiment, four manipulation check measures were employed.Objective knowledge Eight objective knowledge questions were developed base on the contents of magazine pages. By those questions we destiny to know how subjects understood the contents of the magazine pages, by requesting them to choose appropriate answers from alternatives in multiple choice questions (See Appendix F).Advertising recall To measure advertising recall, subjects were asked to cite all of the brand names from the banner ads they were exposed to during the experiment (free recall). The presence or absence seizure of a brand name from the test (or target) ad on the subjects list was coded as a dichotomous variable (yes=1and no=0).Advertising recognition rate Three banner advertisements including two target advertisements and one distractor (one filler) were advanced one at a time and subjects were required to display whether they remind seeing the advertisement during the experiment. The design of the distractor is similar to those of the target advertisements. Advertising recognition was coded as dichotomous variable. think back and recognition were measured for the purposes of the manipulation check.Familiarity and Gender Subjects old(prenominal)ity with the banner advertisements was assessed by a single nine point item anchored by very f amiliar and not at all familiar. We operationnalise gender as dichotomous variable participants indicate if they are (1) male or (2) female.V.3. Evaluation of dimensionality and validity of scale measuresThe suggested hypothesis proposed the four main dependant variables to measure in the study unexpressed memory, stirred responses, attitude toward the brand and precondition set and two independant variables product involvement and cognitive ardor.V.3.1. stimulated response measureEmotional responses were assessed by SAM (Self Assessment Manikin), a nonverbal measurement of worked up response. The SAM measures the three P (pleasure), A ( input) and D ( strength), the three dimensions of turned on(p) responses of Mehrabian and Russell (1974). It is a non-verbal pictorial assessment technique that directly measures the pleasure, arousal and command associated with a persons affectional reaction to a wide variety of stimuli. It represents a promising solution to the problems t hat have been associated with measuring emotional response to advertising (Morris et al., 1993).SAM depicts each PAD dimension with a graphic character displayed along continuous nine-point scale. For pleasure, SAM ranges from a smiling, discontent jut for arousal SAM ranges from sleepy with eyes. Our choice to work with SAM due to its capacity to eliminate the majority of problems associated with verbal measures or nonverbal measures that are ground on human photographs. Bradley and Lang (1994) affirm that SAM was fenderly implemented as an interchangeable computer program and later was aggrandized to include a newsprint and pencil survey fluctuation for use in groups and mass screenings depicts the paper-and-pencil version of SAM elucidating its nonverbal, graphic drawing of differing points along each of the three major affective dimensions (Appendix F. ). SAM arrays from a smiling, happy figure to a frowing, unhappy figure when describing the pleasure dimension and ranges from an excited, wide-eyed figure to a relaxed, sleepy figure for the arousal dimension. The dominance dimension represents modifications in control with changes in the size of SAM (Bradley and Lang, 1994).In our experiment, we compare reports of affective experience obtained using SAM, which requires only three simple judgements, to the Semantic Differential scale devised by Mehrabian and Russell (1974) which requires 18 different ratings. Subjects report were measured to a series of pictures that change in both affective valence and intensity. SAM is an economical, accessible method for immediately appraising reports of affective response in many contexts (Bradley and Lang, 1994). Further, we use this method because it is easy to administer, non verbal method for quickly assessing the pleasure, arousal and dominance affiliated with a persons emotional reaction to an event. Bradley (1994) said that SAM allows admitted speedy assessment of what arise to be fundamental dimensions in the organization of human emotional experience. Taking together, these data indicate that SAM is a useful method for measuring existing feeling states, relating them to other indices of emotional response and other processes affecting affective reactions to contextual stimuli. But before testing the hypothesis, the equivalent form reliability of the self assessment Manikin measures of emotional responses was first assessed by comparing them with the traditional Mehrabian and Russells (1972) 18 emotional measure items, since the SAM is new measure and it is never been applied to incidental processing.First, the interior consistency reliability for the three dimensions emotional responses showed that the pleasure factor had an alpha =.924, if we eliminate the item (satisfied/unsatisfied) the internal reliability of this factor increase (.925), era the Dominance factor had an alpha = .99 and finally arousal factor had an alpha .99. All alpha coefficients were within acceptable stand ards (Nunnally, 1978). Then, the Mehrabian and Russells (1974) 18 items were factor analyzed, victimisation SPSS with principal components analysis and direct oblimin rotation. The rotated factor pattern consists of three factors for the incidental processing data and the explained variance for the initial solution is .385.The Eigen values for all three factors were greater than 1, we notice that no item was cross-loaded on the extracted factors with the loadings above .500. Items combined with these loadings of .500 or higher were utilised to define the three factors pleasure, arousal and dominance. Inter-factor correlations are small (.052) for pleasure and arousal, (.115) for arousal and dominance, (.014) for pleasure and dominance. Therefore, a three-factor, seventeen item solution revealed the most particular and meaningful dimensions of emotional responses resulting from the unconscious processing of incidental advertising. The measure of sampling kaiser-meyer-olkin and the t est of sphericity are excellent (.846 .800). The results of exploratory factor analysis of emotional responses scale are presented in the next table V.1.What we can notice is that there is a lack of established measures of cognitive style that can be used in persuasion context. A third somewhat fashionable measure of tomography is the VVQ developed by Richardson (1977) to measure individual differences on a verbal-visual dimension of cognitive style. Among the multiplicity of the proposed instruments, some of them such as Individual differences Questionnaires (VVQ, Richardson, 1977) and Style of Processing (SOP Childers, Houston and Heckler, 1985) represent severe limitations. In fact, Kohzevnikov (2009) reveals that the main problem of these questionnaires is their low internal reliability and poor predictive validity (Alesandrini, 1981 Boswell and Pickett, 1991).One of the main reasons for the preceding problems was that many of studies on cognitive style were rather descriptive and did not attempt to relate cognitive styles to contemporary cognitive science theories. Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov(2009) have a lot criticized the fact that preceding instruments focus primarily on assessing verbal expression and fluency, there has been a petition to amplify the previous verbal assessment to other aspect of cognitive style.For this study, we use the OSIVQ scale developed by Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov (2009). They developed a new scale based on a new theoretical model of visual-verbal cognitive style that discerns three relegate dimensions object imagery, spatial imagery and verbal as opposed to the traditional bipolar Visual-Verbal cognitive style model that distinguishes between two opposing dimensions Visual and Verbal. Blazhenkova and Kohzevnikov (2009) affirm, after a series of experiments in laboratory, that the results of the confirmatory factor analysis displayed that the overall fit of the new three-factor model is significantly greater than that of the traditional Visual-Verbal two-factor model.A pretest was conducted where 30 participants were tested individually. They were administered the OSIVQ items with the following instructions This is a questionnaire about the way you think. Please, read the following statements and rate each of them on a 5-point scale. Circle 5 to indicate that you absolutely agree that the statement describes you and circle 1 to indicate that you totally disagree with the statement. Circle 3 if you are not sure, but try to make a choice. It is very important that you answer all items in the questionnaire. There was no time limit for the completion of the questionnaire. With SPSS 16 we proceed to an item analysis. The obtained alpha score is .602 an acceptable value for a research instrument. We notice that items 1,3,8,9, 10, 15, 21, 24, 25,28,32,37,38,41,42 are troublesome. They had a low item total correlation and alpha would increase if we were to remove those items. In fact, their deletion would increase alpha. It is necessary to delete the cited items to improve the reliability score of this scale. Those results are displayed in the next table.As discussed, profound memory is defined as an automatic rifle and nonconscious retrieval of stimuli. However, since subjects failed to remember seeing the incidental advertisements in the preattentive processing condition this enhanced performance of subjects implicit memory is a function of unconscious priming effects involves gap activation with a semantic network (Marcel, 1983). Theories of spreading activation (Anderson, 1983) suggest that the perception of a arousal such as a priming devise activates internal word representations associated with that prime in memory. This activation spreads to associated representations through a network of connections. thusly for our subjects in an incidental processing condition, target voice communication presented in word completion tests presumably have received a portion of this s preading activation due to the prior incidental ad exposure, and by chastity of being more active in memory, the completion of target rowing are greater than those for the control group. And this process is believed to occur very quickly and require no mental effort (Yoo, 2005).One of the methods used to measure implicit memory effects is a word-fill labor (Duke and Carlson, 1993). In such a problem, participants are exposed to a target word in some form of media. For advertising research, this would likely be a brand name or logo in an advertisement. Any instructions apt(p) to the participant make no reference to the previously completed task. oftentimes target haggling are placed along with foil haggling on the test. A word is scored as correct if it matches the target word exactly in spelling. The goal of this type of experimental measure is to examine whether priming has occurred (Andrade, 2007). Holden and Vanhuele (1999) explored the possibility of disassociations betw een explicit and direct measures of memory (e.g. recognition) and implicit measures of memory (response facilitation in a lexical task). They argued that incidental exposed teaching may result in learning effects that cannot be detected through direct measures of memory but can be uncovered with indirect measures (Pham, 1997).Yoo (2005) says that word fragment completion tests are known to be contaminated by a conscious recollection of wrangle during test. That is both implicit and explicit memory retrieval may contribute to overall performance on such a test (Jacoby, 1991). For this issue, Jacoby (1991) proposed the process dissociation procedure (PDP) to analyze out the effects due to explicit memory retrieval, providing an unbiased estimate of the amount of influence caused by implicit memory retrieval. This study employed word fragment completion test with PDP to estimate the effects of incidental processing on implicit memory performance. This attempt is a methodological advan cement in the area of studying incidental advertising and is recommended that more studies employ this procedure. As Shapiro and Krishnan (2001) mentioned, this procedure has not that been adopted in the area of marketing and specially in the case of incidental advertising and even if Yoo (2005) used this procedure in marketing context but this was not in the case of incidental advertising, it was in the preattentive web banners area.Jacoby (1991) developed a more elaborate process-dissociation procedure designated to limit the strength of conscious and nonconscious forms of memory. The procedure involves combining results from opposition (or exclusion) condition with those from an inclusion condition in which subjects are told to use old words to complete test stems(Edel and Craik, 2000) . The PDP uses two different tasks. In an exclusion task, subjects are instructed to complete word stems with words that are not presented in the advertisement. In inclusion task. Thus in the exc lusion task, an increased likelihood of terminate word stems with exposed words would occur only if conscious memory retrieval failed (1-C) and if memory retrieval by unconscious processing lead to a correct response. He translated this discussion into a simple comparison that describes performance for exclusion tasks provide a way to estimate the separate contributions of conscious and unconscious processing. He stated formallyExclusion task performance= (1-C) U (1)Similarly for the inclusion taskcellular inclusion task performance=C+ (1-C) U (2)Using equations 1 and 2, C and U can be obtained easily by simple algebraC=Inclusion Task surgery-Exclusion Task Performance and (3)U=Exclusion Task Performance/ (1-C) (4)Where performance is measured by the proportion of correctly completed words in the word completion test.Yonelinas and Jacoby (1994, 1995) used a variation of the original procedure. Instead of using two different instructions (exclusion/ inclusion) in a test, subjects were asked to determine whether each word presented was part of the incidental advertising during the experiment in this study. Referring to the results of our second pretest 13 words were chosen for the main experiment. Among them 10 word appeared in the Web magazine pages and the other words (distracters did not appear in target pages). Subjects are asked, Did this word appeared in the web advertising during experiment? when presented with 13 words (target and distracted words). Thus Yes responses for the words were taken as measures of inclusion tasks and No as measures for exclusion task performance. From each subjects response, the preattentive and conscious components were estimated. For instance, if a subject correctly identified three of the five target words (60%) in the inclusion task and two of the five target words (40% in the exclusion task), the extent of the conscious advertising influence, as given in equation 3, would be .60-.40=.20, while the extent of influence of preattentive processing .40/ 1-.20 = .50 as given by equation 4. In our study and in order to not prime the stimulus, implicit memory was assessed before the explicit memory measures.V.3.4. Attitude toward the advertised brand measureAttitude toward the advertised brand is one of the most ofttimes utilised measures of effectiveness. Traditionally, attitude toward the brand as affective responses to ads has been a best-selling(predicate) indicator for measuring the effectiveness of advertising in traditional media contexts. close researchers examining attitude toward the brand agreed, implicitly or explicitly, on the importance of affective responses to the ad as an indicator of advertising effectiveness. Subjects were asked to evaluate each advertising on three nine-point bipolar items positive/negative, unattackable/bad and gilded/unfavourable (Gardner, 1985 Mackenzie, Lutz and Belch 1986, Mackenzie and Lutz, 1989). The items to measure the attitude toward the brand are three in number. Exploratory factor analysis was then conducted to determineAs Shapiro et al. (1997) did we used the verbal checklist of brand names to measure the brand consideration set. This verbal checklist includes the brand names of ten product alternatives in each category. All ten brand names were real ones, to delete potential confounding effects from prior knowledge or attitude toward the existing brands. We present the brand names in an arbitrary order and no information other than brand names was administered. Two stimulus based consideration set checklists were developed, based on the two product categories used in the experiment (See Appendix E.). We present just the brand names with no other information. We pose the ensuing question to each subject Check the names of the brands that you would be interested in trying. Please checkmark as many or as few names as you wish. This technique is similar to used by Yoo (2005) .The consideration set size was also accounted by enumera ting the number of examinated brand names and the presence or absence of the target brand names (consideration composition) was recorded.V.4. Estimation of the quality of the model using confirmatory analysisBefore verifying the hypothesis it is recommended that, in addition to the purification of different measures, to verify the validity of measuring instruments using factor analyzes. This is possible with the structural equations modeling. The evaluation of a model is to assess the quality fit of the theoretical model to empirical data. This analysis is carried out in several stages to the course of which adjustment is valued successively for the global model, the measurement model and structural model (Kline, 1998). For a pragmatic picture of the underlying relationships that exist among these variables to emerge, an investigation for the proposed model with the structural equations modelling approach is needed. This extension of analysis is offered to add to the growing body of literature that specifies the interrelationships between these variables. The chief reason why we use this method is that there is greater recognition given to the efficacy and the dependability of observed scores from measurement instruments. on the nose measurement error has become a major error issue in many disciplines and structural equation modelling techniques explicitly take measurement error into account when statistically analyzing data (Adelaar et al, 2003).Analysis of event of Sample (AMOS v.19) a tool of SPSS (v.18) was used as analytical content for testing statistical assumptions and estimation of the measurement and structural equations models are draw in the following sections of the study (Arbuckle, 2010). The conceptual model presented in the figure 3.1. was tested using structural equation modelling. The modelling was undertaken by deploying covariance intercellular substance and the maximum likelihood estimation procedure. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was the at ease choice of analytic techniques available to test the theoretical model that was proposed a priori. Structural equation modeling, using the maximum likelihood estimation procedure, is a packed information technique in that all model parameters are appraised simultaneously and a change in one parameter during the closed circuit process could result in a change in other parameters of the model (Diamantopoulos and Siguaw, 2005).V.4.1. The adjustment of the global modelA parsimonious fit measure was used to diagnose whether model fit has been achieved by over fitting the data with many coefficients. The model fit was measured using the chi-square statistic, the route mean square of approximation (RMSEA), the standardised route mean square residual (SRMR), the non-normed fit index (NNFI) and the comparative fit index(CFI). The radical mean square error of approximation is usually regarded as the most informative fit indexes. Values less than .05 are indicative of good f it and between .050 and under .080 of reasonable fit. Likewise the smaller the interchangeable showtime mean square residual (SMRS) the better the model fit (Kelloway, 1998).There are several goodness-of-fit measures that can be used to assess the outcomes of a SEM analysis. Those fit indices are provided by AMOS (v19.) (Golob, 2003). Frequently, used measures include the root meant square error approximation (RMSEA), which is based on chi-square values and measures the discrepancy between observed and predicted values per degrees of freedom( a good model has an RMSEA value of less than .050), the comparative fit index (CFI) which compares the proposed model with a service line model with no restrictions( a good model should exhibit a value greater the .090) the consistent Araike information (CAIC), which compares the model fit with the d

Curriculum Development

class DevelopmentUnit 6 Curriculum Development for inclusive practiceCurriculum is defined as the dramatizeing a fragmentiseicular proposition blueprint for culture that is derived from guinea pig and per systema skeletaleance standards. Curriculum takes content and counterfeits it into a plan for in force(p) pedagogy and encyclopedism. so, class is more than a popular role carry, it is a specific plan with identified lessons in an appropriate form and sequence for directing teaching (Wiggins and McTighe, 1998).The word syllabus is actu bothy a Latin word for race cast. Curriculum is the activities that bookmans leave undertake to achieve their learning finales.The planning, savants experience and order in which it occurs argon either part of the bleed. thither argon a huge and vast amount of elements that help shape a plan. There are m all different methods and approaches to the bearing and effectuation of class and a lot is dependant on the teachers app roach of it. In the world of training, the computer program rear designed around the accusatives of the clients specifications.Most of the clip class is based on the organisational enquires of learning and objective lenss, for character, their political program. Approval from foreign agencies, for example, awarding bodies give approval for the qualification to be delivered. The awarding bodies return the syllabus or guidance which gives the teacher the in orderion and framework for tar and assessment of the subject matter. External agencies may submit funding in some cases and in this instance the course give only be provided once the funding has been attained.Within the training in-house sector of teaching, it is normally the craft and individual necessarily that sets the benchmark for the requirement of bespoke training courses. In house training/teaching cater for the guides of the staff and in the majority a lot of the courses attained by the learners do non lead to formal qualifications.In all of the above instances the organisation forget supply the syllabus or course content to shape the curriculum. If the syllabus or course content is not avail fitting the teacher entrust throw off to develop their own based around the subject that has to be delivered. The aim of the teachers is to identify the learning necessitate, styles and the potential of the learners, this needs to be achieved at the prior to the start of the learners learning.As an example of this a schools curriculum comp acclivitys twain statutory elements (including the National Curriculum, religious education and kickers educations) and non statutory elements (priorities defined by the school). An area where in that location willing be a significance of partakeity and diversity in the design of the curriculum would be children with multi- centripetal impairments. One of the first harmonic principles of the code of practice is that all children, including those with special educational needs should be offered full access to a broad, balanced and relevant education. This is what the national curriculum was designed to provide. Some children who are multi-sensory-impaired will follow the National Curriculum, unremarkably with special support. Others will follow a modified form of it. quieten others will follow more specialised developmental curricula which will embarrass teaching a child things that non-dis up to(p)d children already know by the quantify they start school.Even children who follow the aforesaid(prenominal) curriculum as non-disabled peers, however, will usually need additional elements because of their sensory impairment. These may relate to* mobility readinesss, communication, sensory development or other aspects specifically bear uponed by desensitise blindness* therapy needs for example, physiotherapy* concepts usually learned incidentally for example, the brotherly and independence skills used at break or me al generationAll teachers modify the curriculum in order to meet the rake of learning needs in their class. Children who are multi-sensory-impaired are likely to need the curriculum modified on an individual basis, because each childs combination of audience impairment, visual impairment, other disabilities and learning characteristics will be different.There are many stupefys which affect the delivery of curriculum, way in which a teacher must(prenominal) attain the end turn out, should and could deliver to the learners.For example, the product imitate focuses enormously on the outcomes of a course. The product model is also referred to as the behavioural objectives model. An example could be of a first aid course, the teacher has to teach what must be taught in order to facilitate the learners to chair. Training in the workplace is very much honed to the product/behavioural model of curriculum development. The teacher focus predominantly on what must be taught sooner than focusing on what should or could be taughtThe behavioural model of learning concentrates on the measurable outcome of curriculum. The advantages of the behavioural model are that thither is normally a general statement of intent and this is hopefully ensuring turning away of vagueness. The assessment mathematical operation is actually more precise. The learning should be shout by step and it should focus on the previously learned material. Ralph Tyler (1971) verbalise that there is a guideline for curriculum development that the interacting influences of organized scholarship, the learner, and company should provide the dominant source and influence for curriculum development. Tyler organized his model into four fundamental questions, which he stated should be answered when designing curriculum1. What are your curriculum aims and objectives?2. Which learning experiences meet these aims and objectives3. How can these learning experiences be organised into a curriculum programme ?4. How can this programme be evaluated?The Tyler conjecture to date is the or so influential model of all in preparation of curriculum, the needs of society at the prison term of development and the needs of the learner at the time of development should be imperative. The ever evolving social psychology of our society must be accounted for, exactly what are the educational purposes needing to be attained. The focus should be related to previous learning and experiences and after(prenominal) analyse the factors how is the curriculum design going to overlay and attain the objectives that may not eat been reached previously.The philosophy of education will profoundly affect a students life. It is providing the foundations, the aspects of friendship and social experiences are needed to improve learners futures. An example could be of training, the different settings and mutli-cultural workforce will start out a magnetic variation on the curriculum. The curriculum will need to be designed in partnership with the employers, so a competency framework will be met. Aims and objectives will affirm to set at heart in the competency framework which over time changes with legislation and regulations. The learning experiences should organised into the curriculum and depth, complexness of the subject, ensuring that it covers all levels of learners attainment. Then course needs to be evaluated, how will the course be evaluated and the key objectives attained?Simplistically the Tyler theory in practice is the most fool proof design of curriculum. The curriculum can be ingrained and open to interpretation. Needs analysis previous to design of curriculum is imperative, the findings should be summarised and should formulate part of the curriculum development documentation, which is practice is fantastic if you have the relevant information prior to course delivery. The world of training can be ad-hoc and trainers are not forever privy to this information.However, th e behavioural model approach has received criticism. One of the arguments against the behavioural model is that the affective athletic field cannot be considered adequately in terms of specific behaviours. The affective orbital cavity describes learning objectives that emphasize a feeling tone, an emotion, or a dot of acceptance or rejection, thus it cannot be assessed adequately and the behaviour model will discourage creativity on the part of both learner and teacher. In the 1980s behaviourism was superseded by the humanistic approach to curriculum design and implementation.The put to work model concentrates on course content, relevant knowledge and skills that can be learnt and applied. This model focuses on teachers activities, the conditions in which the learning takes place and the learner activities. An example could include when a person pays for their course of study. The learner would be getting the benefit of what must and should be covered as sound as what could be delivered.Stenhouse (1975) quoted the English dictionary when defining curriculum as a course especially a regular course of study as at school or university. Most of the time the course design/curriculum is what the governing bodies have decided should be taught. The sets what exactly as teachers in advance what learning is going to be planned, achieved and what goals should be produced to the subjected being taught.Stenhouse challenged the view that teachers need to be objective in their view of curriculum, realistic even, to ensure that there is a balance amid the intentions and realities that the curriculum design will get the best outcomes for their students. He takes comparisons the process of curriculum as to a recipe in cookery, the recipe is followed and the result would be a dish.In theory this can be a tried and tested, for example, how to you know if the curriculum design has achieved all the education goals until the there is a evaluation at the end of the course? How many pass grades and how many failures. Like do a cake it doesnt always rise the way youd wished it to. Often when baking the ingredients need to be adjusted or the timings.In 2001, DDA (Disability Discrimination Act). was introduced, fortunately this means that teaching must always be inclusive, counting for the needs all of learners The curriculum must encompass best practice principles of equality and diversity in all areas. comparison of opportunity and provision means bragging(a) every student the same learning environment, and is an important element of schooling. Equality and diversity means giving students what is necessary to extend them to their full potential. Some may need additional tuition to bring them to the standard of the rest of the group, while others may need additional tuition to take them beyond the group because they are undecided of further development and learning.It is imperative to ensure that all students are able to access the curriculum it is impo rtant to consider the curriculum content, as well as the teaching and learning practices used within a design.With regards to design of curriculum we have to attain why and what. The educational ideology such(prenominal) as the fundamental set, beliefs and assumptions this is extremely prevalent in the world of care, the format is normally set out by the governing bodies such as the Commission of Social Care Inspection. Normally the needs that the course must met are the needs set out by the governing embody to attain the best level of care for Service Users. For the main part with training, cost analysis plays hefty, is the course a requirement under the recommendations that have been implemented by the governing body?Learners in this social care field are normally trying to achieve and meet feat criteria, the learning outcomes are normally behavioural as the learning is skill based. However the curriculum is not considered a complete entity and does not provide every opportuni ty relevant to qualifying as a health care worker. Ongoing learning will provide opportunities to evidence knowledge, skills, experience, values and ethics. Some of the methods used to deliver the curriculum are essential others that are not are open to negotiation. A diversity of methods of learning is utilitarian to meet the different learning styles of students. The main objective must be continuity for the learners and teachers alike. Coordinated Curriculum is very much relevant in the Social Care Sector. Coordinated curriculum is the method of mergeing different subjects/table of contents together. It establishes the links between the subjects for example in Social Care it would link the psychology, sociology, biology and practice together. Coordinated curriculum means that there is a greater emphasis on the total context in which teaching and learning take place.Realistically in Social Sector teachers/trainers will be using both product and process models. The process object ive happens when you cant tell in advance will exactly the student will learn advance, health and social can unmanageable in the fact that you are dealing with human beings (patients/service users) and they dont always follow the curriculum recipe. Therefore, evaluation will be invaluable in ascertaining if effective learning has taken place. This should help identify any problems within the curriculum design, reflection on the needs of the organisation, the syllabus and learners.Evaluation is should be the process through which teachers judge the quality of their work, their own work and their students. Formative evaluations, which guide a continual stream of reflection and feedback, and allow the educator or student to continually adjust and improve their work while its ongoing. Traditionally, teachers have emphasized summative evaluations, where feedback is gathered only after instruction has been completed. some(prenominal) strategies are necessary to provide for effective cur riculum assessment and student education. A teachers skill in the classroom assessment is essential to the goal of student success. In evaluating the curriculum can only lead to a teachers continuing professional development in the Life long learning sector.If the evaluation and assessment of curriculum is to be meaningful, teachers must be able to relate their learning to their personal experience and practice. Kolbs Learning Cycle, outlines the four stages complex in any successful learning experience. Learning is defined as a process in which experience is changed into knowledge. In turn, knowledge creates a foundation and opportunity for learning. In Kolbs four-staged cycle, the individual reflects on experience and draws on conclusions, which can be used to influence future action. In this way, practice, reflection, theory and action become essential parts of professional development and thus assist with the future of improving practice in inclusive curriculum design.After re ading and studying the different models of curriculum, one can draw comparisons from the Ralph Tylers Basic Principles of Curriculum Instruction (1949). As a trainer puddle definitive learning objectives are set out by the customer, the learning will hopefully be a useful experience to the candidate and will have a cumulative effect. Tylers model applies the importance of evaluating the curriculum and revising any aspects that do not prove to be effective. Thus the importance of continuing professional development, evaluation, assessment and reflection play heavy in the product model of curriculum.The other model used in training would be the process model by Laurence Stenhouse An introduction to Curriculum research and development (1975). Teachers or trainer have to have a high level of professionalism and competence in their specialist subject area. The content is defined in cognitive terms the process is that the learner needs to go through to learn. As mentioned earlier in the assignment, Stenhouse draws comparison to making a cake and with the social care sector the same methodology can be used. If a candidate/learner has been taught to use a hoist but then drops the patient then this would question the realities and intentions of the curriculum.In conclusion, it is important that the teacher is always involved at all stages of any curriculum development and review. This will ensure that quality assurance happens at all stages of development. The teacher therefore can be positive that all parts of curriculum contains all the relevant information such as the course goal, aims and objectives, rationale, entry requirements, evaluation, assessment etc. Any curricula should ensure that schools/higher(prenominal) education programs must be delivered in the most effective and up to date manner as possible. In reviewing the subject of curriculum it should enable a teacher to reflect on addressing the identified needs of the students within the educational esta blishments or programmes. Curriculum should also provide a cock for examining the quality and completeness of the curriculums components for, example, instructional principles, functional knowledge, self-perceptions, attitudes, skills, and duration. Through constant analysis it will help to determine the degree of fidelity between the curriculum and its application program in the classroom and assess the impact of the curriculum on students knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour.As David Ausubel (1969) suggested the learning process should be approached like a mental excursionGeoff Petty quotes We should seek a win-win curriculum that puts the needs of individuals on equal terms with economic and other factors. The quote really say it all as we are purely developing curriculum with the main objective of imparting knowledge and skills on the learners of the future which will hopefully have a positive effect on the economy in the twenty-first century.BibliographyGray D, Griffin C and Nasta T (2005) Training to Teach in pull ahead and Adult Education. Cheltenham, UK. Nelson Thornes Ltd.Armitage, A et al (2007) Teaching and Training in Post-Compulsory Education, Maidenhead, Open University PressReece, I Walker, S., (2005) Teaching, Training Learning a unimaginative guide. (5th Edition). Sunderland Business Education PublishersWalkin, L (1990) Teaching and Learning in Further Education, Cheltenham, Stanley MorrisInternetNational Curriculum http//curriculum.qca.org.uk/Accessed on 21st February 2009Qualifications and Curriculum government agency http//www.qca.org.uk/Accessed on 25th February 2009